Background Study of the Effect of Study Habit

Background Study of the Effect of Study Habit on the Academic Performances of 3rd Year H. S Students S. Y 2012 – 2013 Study habit is a technique or a strategy used every time a person is studying. Some students would have the same study habit or may have a different one. It depends on whether a specific study habit is effective for them. The stress on good study habits will undoubtedly improved the students’ level of performance. Study habits are important on the part of the students so that it can make use of their time effectively and purposely instead of wasting their time with insufficient study accomplishments.It is a common knowledge that many students fail in studying; even those who work hard often study in ways considered unproductive. Several others are just contented with barely passing grades, never developing their skills and abilities to the highest level attainable. What to study, where to study and how to study are indispensable to every student in class . In fact, proper study habits are the tool for acquiring deeper understanding in different subjects.Good study habits largely influence the level of performance of the student on the subject. In view of this, the researcher proposes to conduct their study on the study habits of students to help the teachers raise the level of performance of their students through the development of proper study habits. The growing number of low performers on the subject point to the need for the redirection and development of students study attitudes and practices in the teaching learning process. The research work is an attempt to address to this need.

Importance of Technical Education Essay

Education is important for every individual in a nation. It plays a vital role to change the stare of a country. No country could bring a revolution in it unless its everybody are educated enough to meet the challenges. Education makes a man realize about himself and his goals and how to achieve that goals. Basically, Education is divided into three groups. The Education which teaches the concerns of a society is called Social Education. The Education which develops a personality inside a man himself is called Spiritual Education. The Education that concerns with the professionalism is called Vocational Education. The Technical Education comes under the branch of Vocational Education which deals practically in the field of trade, commerce, agriculture, medicine & Engineering. We are living in the modern age of science where we found Technologies in every aspect of life. What makes life so brain friendly for us simply; these are the Technologies which we use for our ease and comforts. Not only in our daily life but also in the research centre, in defensive measured of a country, biological aspects etc. No nation could generate the progress unless it promotes technical aspects in its fields. The technical education produces technicians for all type of industries and it is true that the progress of a country much depend upon its Industrialization without which a handsome economy would not be possible. Using a technology is far easier than to develop it. For developing a technology, it needed high skill teams which have a high data for the theme. It also needed a high amount of time and also money. To fulfill all these, there must be technical institutes which must cover all the faculties of technological studies and also the support of government to support financially & to contruct it at international level. If it would be at International level then it would be easier to students to grab data in their own state so that they could do something for their own country. Pakistan leads in the technological era. The exhibition canters in Pakistan plays a vital role in backing up the technicians to come up with more and more new technologies because it gives reflection of our technologies to the foreigners which are representing their country, which means we are reflecting our image to that world. By this we have a sense of development and prosperity that we also produce creative mind in the technological aspect. As far as Pakistans implementation in techno field is concern, we might look around and observe that in every field of life we are using high class technologies whether it is in the Industrial purpose, business purpose, agriculture purpose or defensive purpose. There has been a lot of emergence of on-line trading, which deals with high technological concerns in term of machinery and software. Pakistan Telecommunication field also deal with high-class technology. Pakistan also promises to produce best technicians of its own through their technical education centers which allow approximately all the faculties for technical development. These institutes also support the new courses of technology which are introduced at a instant so that there would be no line at which we lay behind. The most important institutes of in Pakistan which support the technical courses incorporate, NED University, GIK University, Karachi University, Mehran University and there are also some other private Universities which deal in technological subjects. These institutes promise to produce technicians who cold meet the challenges of the technological era. I feel proud when I watch the students rushing towards these technical institutes to become a prosperous technician who have a sense of responsibility for the progress of their nation. Technical education promotes the material prosperity and economic advancement. It produces the sense of self-respect and dignity. If a country has her own technical experts, she may save a lot of foreign exchange i. e. Technical Education makes a country rich, prosperous and resourceful. Our country is rich in raw material resources but the thing is, we must have enough technical information to benefit from them.

Indicators of Employees Motivation

|[pic] | |List  of  Members | | | |[pic] | |Functions  and  Independence | | | |[pic] | |Industrial  Relations | | | |[pic] | |Staff | | | |[pic] | Complaint  Form | | | |[pic] | |The  Labour  Act  2003,  (ACT  651) | | | |[pic] | |Regulations  of  the  NLC  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  NATIONAL  LABO| |UR  COMMISSION  (NLC) | | | |[pic] | |List  of  Mediators | | | |[pic] | Code  of  Conduct | | | |[pic] | |Inuagural  Address | | | |[pic] | |Picture  Gallery | | | |[pic] | |Annual  Report | | | |[pic] | |List  of  Members | | | |[pic] | |Functions  and  Independence | | |[pic] | |Industrial  Relations | | | |[pic] | |Staff | | | |[pic] | |Complaint  Form | | | |[pic] | |The  Labour  Act  2003,  (ACT  651) | | | |[pic] | Regulations  of  the  NLC  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  NATIONAL  LABO| |UR  COMMISSION  (NLC) | | | |[pic] | |List  of  Mediators | | | |[pic] | |Code  of  Conduct | | | |[pic] | |Inuagural  Address | | | |[pic] | |Picture  Gallery | | | |[pic] | |Annual  Report | | | Top of Form [pic] [pi|[pic] |[pi| |c] |[pic] |c] | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |   | | | |[pic]November 13, 2011November 09, 2011 | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |   | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |Website Design: CON-IMEDIA | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pi c] | | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |   | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |Website Design: CON-IMEDIA | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |   | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |NATIONAL LA BOUR COMMISSION REGULATIONS, 2006 L. I. 1822 | | | |  IN exercise of the powers conferred on the Commission under section 152 of the Labour Act, 2003 (Act 651) these Regulations are made this 1st day of February, 2006. | | | |   | | | |   Negotiation procedures | | | |   | | | |Negotiation in good faith. | | | |1. Parties to an industrial dispute shall negotiate in good faith in the first instance to resolve the dispute in accordance with the dispute settlement procedures established in their respective Collective Agreements or Contracts of Employment. | | | |   | | | |Time for concluding negotiations. | | | |The Negotiation shall be concluded within seven working days after the occurrence of the dispute. | | | |   | | | |3. Records of Negotiation Process. | | | |The parties shall keep written records of the negotiation process and outcome signed by both parties. | | |Where the parties cannot agree to sign a consensus record together, each party may present its own record duly signed. | | | |   | | | |Failure to resolve dispute by Negotiation. | | | |4. If the dispute remains unresolved after seven working days, either party shall refer it to the Commission for the appointment of a mediator. | | | |   | | | |Failure to exhaust procedures in Collective Agreement. | | |Where the Commis sion is satisfied that the parties have not exhausted the procedures established in the Collective Agreement or have not agreed to waive those procedures, the Commission shall order the parties to comply with those procedures within the time as determined by | | | |the Commission. | | | |   | | | |   Mediation procedures | | | |   | | | |Complaint to be in writing. | | | |The Complainant shall submit a written complaint to the Commission or complete Form ‘A’ (Complainant Form) specified in the Schedule to the Regulations and submit it to the Commission. | | |   | | | |Time within which to respond to Complaint. | | | |(1) The Commission shall within three (3) working days serve the other party with a copy of the complaint and request the other party to the dispute to respond to the complaint in writing within fourteen (14) working days of the receipt of the Commission’s request. | | | |(2) Where a party to a dispute fails to respond to the request of the Commission   Ã‚  within the stipulated period of fourteen working days, the Commission shall send a final notice to the party concerned to respond within a further seven working days after which the Commission | | | |shall proceed to determine the case. | | |Choice of Mediator | | | |After receipt of the response in regulation 7, the Commission shall provide both parties the list of mediators for the parties to make a selection of a mediator or mediators. | | | |Appointment of Mediator | | | |The Commission shall appoint the mediator or mediators jointly chosen by the parties to mediate in the dispute. | | | |Failure to agree on choice of mediator | | | |Where the parties to a dispute fail to agree on a choice of mediator the Commission shall, within two (2) working days, appoint a mediator or mediators as the case may be to mediate the dispute. | | |   | | | |Time within which to conclude mediation | | | |The mediation shall be concluded within fourteen days after the date o f appointment of the mediator. | | | |   | | | |Dispute settled through mediation | | | |(1) Where at the end of the mediation there is a settlement of the dispute, the terms of settlement shall be recorded and signed by the mediator and the parties to the dispute. | | |   | | | |(2) A copy of the signed terms of settlement shall be lodged with the  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Commission. | | | |   | | | |Binding Settlement | | | |The settlement referred to in regulation 12 shall be binding on the parties. | | | |   | | | |Duty to cooperate in mediation efforts | | | |The parties to the mediation process shall cooperate in the mediation efforts. | | |   | | | |Failure to settle through mediation | | | |Where there is no settlement at the end of the mediation process the mediator shall immediately declare the dispute as unresolved and refer the dispute to the Commission within three days for Voluntary Arbitration. | | | |Conflict of interest. | | | |A mediator shall disc lose in writing, any interest whatsoever nature in a dispute referred for mediation. | | | |Upon consideration of such interest by the Commission, the mediator may be changed unless the parties to the dispute consent in writing to retain the mediator. | | |   Voluntary arbitration | | | |   | | | |Reference to voluntary arbitration | | | |Where a dispute is referred to the Commission under regulation 15, the Commission shall with the consent of the parties refer the dispute to an arbitrator or an arbitration panel for voluntary arbitration. | | | |   | | | |Failure to agree on choice of arbitrator | | | |Where the parties to a voluntary arbitration fail to agree on the appointment of an arbitrator or an arbitration panel, the Commission shall, within three working days, appoint an arbitrator or arbitration panel. | | | |Disclosure of interest. | | |An arbitrator shall disclose in writing, any interest whatsoever nature the arbitrator may have in a dispute referred for volunt ary arbitration. | | | |Upon consideration of such interest by the Commission, the arbitrator may be changed unless the parties to the dispute consent in writing to waive this option. | | | |Time within which to submit statement of issues or questions in dispute | | | |Within three (3) working days after the appointment of an arbitrator or arbitration panel, the parties to an industrial dispute shall submit to the arbitrator in writing a statement of the issues or questions in dispute signed by one or more of the parties or their | | | |representatives. | | |   | | | |Failure or refusal to sign a statement of issues or questions in a dispute. | | | |Where a party to a dispute fails or refuses to sign a statement as required in regulation 20, the statement may be submitted without that party’s signature. | | | |A statement pursuant to sub-regulation (1) shall state that the other party has failed or refused to sign the statement and the Commission shall authorize the arbitra tor to proceed with the arbitration despite the fact that only one party has signed the statement of the issue. | | | |Failure to appear before an arbitrator | | |If any party fails to appear before the arbitrator or arbitration panel after the expiration of seven (7) working days after being notified, the arbitrator or arbitration panel shall proceed to hear and determine the dispute. | | | |   | | | |Time within which to conclude voluntary arbitration | | | |The voluntary arbitration process shall be concluded within fourteen (14) working days from the date of appointment of the arbitrator or arbitration panel or within the extra time determined by the Commission. | | |   | | | |Voluntary Arbitration award binding | | | |The decision of the arbitrator or a majority of the arbitrators shall be binding on all the parties. | | | |Arbitration award to be communicated | | | |   | | | |The arbitrator or arbitration panel shall within seven working days of the last sitting make a n award and communicate the award to the parties and the Commission within seventy-two hours. | | |   Compulsory arbitration | | | |   | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Compulsory arbitration by the Commission | | | |If a dispute remains unresolved within seven (7) working days after the commencement of a strike or lock out, the dispute shall be settled by compulsory arbitration by the Commission. | | | |   | | | |Content of notice to be served by the Commission | | | |27 (1) Where a dispute is referred to the Commission under Clause 26, the Commission shall serve a notice on the parties; | | | |   | | | |(a)   stating what in its opinion the unresolved issues are between the parties and | | | |   | | | |(b)   asking the parties whether they agree to those issues | | | |   | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (2)   the parties shall respond within three (3) working days. | | | |   | | | |Composition of Compulsory Arbitration Panel | | | |28. A compulsory arbitration shall comprise three members of the Commission, one member each representing Government, Organized Labour and Employers Organization. | | | |   | | | |Time within which to conclude compulsory arbitration | | | |The compulsory arbitration process shall be concluded within fourteen (14) working days after service of the notice in regulation 27. | | | |   | | | |Compulsory Arbitration Award binding | | | |The award of the majority of the arbitrators in a compulsory arbitration shall be binding on the parties. | | |   | | | |Publication of compulsory arbitration award in Gazette | | | |A compulsory arbitration award shall immediately on completion, be published in the Gazette and other state media by the Commission and copies shall be given to the parties to the dispute. | | | |   | | | |Appeals against compulsory arbitration award | | | |Appeals against a compulsory arbitration award shall lie to the Court of Appeal on questions of law only within seven (7) working days after the publication of the award under regulation 31. | | |   | | | |Summary settlement of dispute by the Commission. | | | |(1). After the receipt of a complaint in accordance with regulation 6 and a response to the complaint in accordance with Clause 7, the Commission may, after giving the parties to the dispute the right to be heard, settle the dispute summarily without recourse to mediation or | | | |arbitration. | | | |   | | | |(2). Where a party to a dispute fails to respond to a complaint in accordance with regulation 7, the Commission may determine the complaint without recourse to that party and the decision of the Commission shall be binding on the parties to the dispute. | | |   | | | |(3)   The Commission may re-open a dispute which has been determined under sub-regulation (2) if a party to the dispute on application within fourteen working days after the determination of the case provides reasonable explanation for the failure to respond to the complaint. | | | |Procedures for resolving disputes from essential services | | | |   | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dispute Resolution in Essential Services | | | |Parties to an industrial dispute in essential services shall endeavour to settle the dispute within three (3) days after the occurrence of the dispute by negotiation. | | |   | | | |Referral to the Commission after failure to resolve dispute | | | |If the dispute remains unresolved after the expiration of the three (3) days referred to in regulation 34, the parties shall within the next working day refer the dispute to the Commission for settlement by compulsory arbitration. | | | |   | | | |Compulsory arbitration by the Commission | | | |The Commission shall, not later than three (3) working days after the dispute has been referred to it, constitute a compulsory arbitration panel to settle the dispute by compulsory arbitration within fourteen working days. | | |   Strikes and lockout procedures | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Notice of intention to strike or lockout | | | |Where | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (a) the parties fail to agree to refer a dispute for voluntary arbitration, or   | | | |(b) a dispute remains unresolved at the end of the arbitration proceedings, either party intending to take a strike action or lockout, shall give written notice of the intended action to the other party and the Commission shall, within seven (7) working days after the failure | | | |of the parties to agree to refer the dispute to another arbitration, terminate the arbitration proceedings. | | |   | | | |Time within which strike or lockout action can be undertaken | | | |Strike action or lockout may be undertaken after the expiration of seven (7) working days from the date of the notice referred to in regulation 37 and not at anytime before the expiration of that period. | | | |  Effective date of notice of strike or lockout | | | |The sev en (7) working days referred in regulation 38 shall begin to run from the date of receipt of the notice by the Commission. | | |   | | | |Prohibition of strike or lockout in respect of essential services | | | |  An employer carrying on, or a worker engaged in an essential service shall not resort to a lockout or strike in connection with or in furtherance of an industrial dispute in which workers in the essential service are involved. | | | |   | | | |Cooling-off period | | | |A party to an industrial dispute shall not resort to a strike or lockout during the period when negotiation, mediation or arbitration proceedings are in progress. | | |   | | | |Procedures for maintaining a database of mediators and arbitrators and fees | | | |   | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   List of mediators and arbitrators | | | |The Commission shall maintain a list of industrial relations mediators or arbitrators who meet the criteria of the Commission. | | | |   | | | |Application to be li sted as mediator or arbitrator | | | |  A person who seeks to be listed as a mediator or arbitrator shall complete and submit an application form which may be obtained from the Commission. | | |   | | | |Mediators and Arbitrators not employees of Commission | | | |A person appointed as mediator or arbitrator of the Commission does not become employee of the Commission. | | | | | | | |Disqualified mediator or arbitrator | | | |A person appointed as a mediator or arbitrator is not qualified to serve in that capacity if the person has a financial or other interest in the undertaking or employers’ or workers’ organization involved in the dispute, unless the parties to the dispute agree to the | | | |appointment in writing despite the disclosure of the interest. | | |   | | | |Removal from the list of mediators and arbitrators | | | |A person   listed as a mediator or arbitrator may be removed from the list by the Commission on the grounds that the person; | | | |   | | | |(a)  Ã‚  Ã‚     no longer satisfies the criteria for admission | | | |   | | | |(b)   has been repeatedly or flagrantly delinquent in submitting reports to the Commission | | | |   | | | |(c)  Ã‚  Ã‚   has refused to make reasonable and periodic reports in a timely manner to the Commission concerning activities relating to mediation or arbitration. | | |   | | | |(d)   has been the subject of complaints by parties who use the services of the Commission after appropriate enquiry has established a just cause for cancellation, or | | | |   | | | |(e)  Ã‚  Ã‚   has died | | | |   | | | |Notice for removal of mediators and arbitrators | | |A mediator or arbitrator listed on the database may only be removed after thirty days notice. | | | |   | | | |Voluntary withdrawal from list of mediators or arbitrators. | | | |A person listed as a mediator and or arbitrator by the Commission may withdraw from the list at any time by giving the Commission thi rty (30) days notice in writing. | | | |   | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  49. Mediation and voluntary arbitration fees | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚     Fees shall be in conformity with Government Consultancy rates obtained  from  the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. | | |   | | | |   | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | | | |SCHEDULE | | | |(Regulation 6) | | | |NATIONAL LABOUR COMMISSION | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   COMPLAINT FORM A | | | |Complainant: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Respondent: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |Address: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Address: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |Contact No. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Contact No. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |  Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20†¦.. | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   COMPLAINT | | | |  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |Relief Sought†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |Signed: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  COMPLAINANT | | | |  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  JOSEPH A. ARYITEY | | | Chairperson, National Labour Commission | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |Date of Gazette notification: 17th March, 2006 | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |more†¦ | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | |   | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |   | | | |   | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |   | | | |   | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |Subscribe to our Newsletter | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |Name: | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |E-mail: | | | |[pic] | | | | | | |   | | | |[pic]unsubscribe | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |   | | | |   | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |News & Events | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |20/10/2009 | | | | | | | |ARBITRATION AWARD | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |†¦ ore | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |01/10/2009 | | | | | | | |ANNUAL REPORT – 2006 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |†¦ more | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |29/09/2009 | | | | | | | |ANNUAL REPORT – 2007 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |†¦ ore | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |29/09/2009 | | | | | | | |ANNUAL REPORT 2008 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |†¦ ore | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |13/10/2008 | | | | | | | |ARBITRATION AWARD – SGS LAB SERVICES GHANA LIMITED VRS MINEWORKERS UNION | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |†¦ ore | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |15/04/2008 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |†¦ ore | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |20/02/2008 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |†¦ ore | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |20/02/2008

Contemporary Development in Business Management Essay

Contemporary Development in Business Management - Essay Example It does not function as a separate entity in the business, nor is it more important than any other primary activity, yet through actual and potential sales it does establish constraints within which the other activities must be performed, Marketing endeavors to fuse consumer wants and needs with the operations of a business organization, which to survive and grow in a keenly competitive, ever changing environment, concerns itself with the mechanisms of corporate adjustment. Nordex was founded in 1985 and since that time it achieved competitive position on the global market. Nordex brand is one of the most popular around the globe based on unique quality and exceptional product offering. Nordex operates on the slowly growing market, but the company obtains a strong market position and became one of the most popular brands in alternative power solutions. It will be the base for further expansion and market growth on the global scale. â€Å"Under the brand name Nordex we offer powerful wind turbines for almost all geographic regions across the globe† (Nordex Home Page 2008). Nordex’s target market involves all market segments from populated and low populated regions. Nordex relies on an efficient market system and product improvement, innovative technological solutions and unique brand image. Marketing communication plays a crucial role in successful market performance as it influences brand image and product recognition. ‘Today more than 3,300 Nordex wind turbines with a total rated output of more than 4,000 megawatts are already rotating in 34 countries of the world. We are represented with offices and subsidiaries in 18 countries. In this way we are consistently seizing development opportunities in a market which will continue grow in the course of the next few years? â€Å" (Nordex Home Page 2008). Political /Legal factors: in Germany, political situation is marked by stability and democratization of government institutions. It is a federal

What requirements Texas Courts impose for someone to be an expert in Research Paper - 1

What requirements Texas Courts impose for someone to be an expert in medical malpractice - Research Paper Example Legal statutes, and laws in America, and to be more precise, in the state of Texas, have continued to change, as some parts of this statutes, have exhibited signs and mannerisms that are not entirely right, as of today. Other parts on the other hand have suffered judicial refining, that has sorted them either demolished, and some being re-structured to come out in a very different approach. As mentioned above, one statute often cited in court rulings meant to deal with the issue of medical malpractice in Texas is that of a two-year statute of limitations. When narrowed down, this is translated that, no medical malpractice issue in the state of Texas, may be brought fourth, after a period exceeding two years from the date of completion of treatment (Austin, 2012). For one to rightfully assume the title of an expert in medical malpractice, and in this case, in the state of Texas, it is of utmost importance that the individual follows the basic rules, as per the constitution of America. Many may ask the question, why is this? Primarily, such level of expertise has to be legal, and in accordance with the law. Any act that done contrary to the law, is consequently punishable in a court of law, and with this, there would not be any consideration of one being an expert, while behind bars. The Texas legislature in the year 1977 passed a well-debated and conclusively deliberated act that provided for victims medical liability as well as insurance. This statute put up with the main intention to offer subsequent response in occasion of a needy situation, to a particular case perceived with crisis in medical malpractice, was just what the public needed. The article of law that ruled over such scenarios brought with it pre-suit notification to the particular parties involved, professional reports that came by early, in the litigation process, as well as what would be

Legal Method and Skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal Method and Skills - Assignment Example It also helps the author maintain his or her consistency, and thus it makes it easier for the reader to follow to argument being made. The main feature of the OSCOLA system of referencing is that it uses the footnote system, rather than in-text citations2. An example of in-text citation is this: (Harvey, 2009). A footnote provides evidence for one’s claims by citing legal sources (for example, statutes, cases) as well as secondary sources (for example, books, journals, etc.) Footnotes are indicated by putting a superscript number after the relevant punctuation in the text. If a case is being cited, the name of the case must be given, the neutral citation and the volume and first page of the relevant law report. If necessary, the name of the court must be given as well. For example, in citing the case Phipps v Boardman3 the citation would be like this: [1967] 2 AC 46 (HL). Another example is this: In the case of Foss v Harbottle4, the Court sought to look into the rights of an individual shareholder against a company. The footnote would read: (1843) 2 Ha. 461. The footnotes and the punctuations should conform the underlying rules in the OSCOLA System. 2. According to a comparison made by the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies5, Lexis Nexis has full text legislation and cases, and contains about 60 series of law reports. As for UK journals, it has Halbury’s Laws of England. ... It also has US material including a wide collection of US treaties, as well as material from the Commonwealth: Australia, New Zealand and Canada. On the other hand, WestLaw has the full text of legislation and cases including law reports but just 30 series. However, it gives links to journal references to these cases, unlike Lexis Nexis. It has around 50 full-text titles of journals, its legal journals index covers over 800 journals (in contrast to Lexis Nexis’s 60). It also has EU official publications, legislation, case law, international agreements, and the like. Like Lexis Nexis, it has access to international law materials, US treaties, and material for Australia and Canada (not New Zealand). Finally, Lawtel, which is another database that can be a useful resource for students, contains UK law and case reports similar to the above-mentioned databases, and provides summaries of case law, articles, parliamentary bills, statutes and statutory instruments, as well as command papers. Its interesting feature is the Lawtel Human Rights law, which provides Human Rights related judgments dating back to 1960, as well as human rights legal articles and legislation. It is also updated daily so that the law student or legal practitioner will find it to be of maximum convenience. 3. a. Round brackets are used when the year is not needed to identify the correct volume of the case. Square brackets are used when the year is needed to identify the correct volume of the case. b. The judge is Mr. Justice Griffith Williams c. William Hoskins (instructed by Greenwoods Solicitors) for the Defendant; Robert Glancy QC and Richard Cartwright (instructed by Irwin Mitchell Solicitors) for the Claimant. d. The material facts of the case are as

Management Information and Communication Systems (MICS Essay

Management Information and Communication Systems (MICS - Essay Example This report presents a detailed analysis of the idea â€Å"outsourcing†. This report will discuss the outsourcing working paradigm and its use for the information systems. This research provides discussion on the impacts of the outsourcing the information systems on the organization’s performance. This research will also discuss various advantages and disadvantages of information systems outsourcing. This report also discusses potential issues that can cause failure of IT outsourcing. The corporations can develop and maintain information systems internally or in-house by utilizing their own resources (technology and staff) or outsource it, which means they hire an outside firm for developing and maintaining their information systems for them. Additionally, outsourcing allows corporations to pay more attention on their inside business activities alongside allowing other firm having additional expertise and resources to carry out some portion of their business information system management activities. However, several companies outsource only the information system development component of their IT activities. On the other hand, others outsource more or every part of their IT activities. The reason of doing this is to survive and remain competitive in this age of constantly transforming information technology (Shelly, et al., 2005, p. 638; Dibbern, et al., 2004; Goles & Chin, 2005). However, all this depends on a corporation’s requirements, as well as outsid e firms can fulfill as much or as little of the IT requirements as indispensable or desired. In addition, external firms offer a variety of services including information system development and maintenance, web design and development, customer service, web hosting, billing, sales, marketing, and officially allowed support, for instance, an internet solutions provider is a firm, which offers web hosting services such as

International Project Management Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Project Management 2 - Assignment Example The member of these cultures are intrinsically not team players (Pheng and Leong 308). As such, it is incumbent upon project managers to develop the skills necessary for successfully interacting with individuals whose behavioral traits are affected by distinct cultural primacies. In the context of the global marketplace, project managers require efficient communication skills, competent leadership skills, suitable interpersonal skills, adaptability, and technical and functional powers (Pheng and Leong 308). Cross cultural management includes communications, dispute resolutions, organizational and national culture, and negotiations. Culture consists of an intricate whole that is comprised of arts, beliefs, customs, knowledge and morals. It also includes the competencies and customs assimilated by individuals as members of society. Thus, culture denotes a distinctive way of life of a group of people, as a comprehensive motif for existing (Pheng and Leong 307). Asian societies attach considerable importance to human relationships and the avoidance of confrontation. This is in marked contrast to the Americans, who do not deem personal relationships to be of greater significance, whilst conducting business. It is the proclivity of the Americans to swiftly and directly focus upon the subject matter or issue at stake (Pheng and Leong 308). This holds out the possibility of causing personal and public discomfiture to the people of other cultures. Lack of proper communication can develop into major issues. For instance, an American manager had stated that her Chinese staff would not inform her if they failed to understand her. These employees would agree to anything that she said, without having the least idea regarding what she was stating. In another incident, an American manager stated that their firm’s quality engineer was not proficient in English. This

THE EVOLUTION OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN VIRUSES AND BACTERIA Essay

THE EVOLUTION OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN VIRUSES AND BACTERIA - Essay Example The resultant nature of upcoming bacteria and viruses leads to drug tolerance. In most cases, pathogens acquire newer forms and abilities of resistance through evolution. In a broad sense, the pathogens acquire a stronger resistance against drugs and thus, repel any upcoming drugs, making them ineffective. The development of drug resistance specifically stems from drugs that aim at eradicating specific viral and bacterial proteins. Since such drugs are mainly specific to given viruses and bacteria, any mutation in such pathogens interferes with its destructive nature, which results in drug resistance. As the drugs become more developed, the viruses and bacteria mutate to acquire protective qualities that are commensurate to the strength of the developed drugs. With this in mind, the innate capacity of bacteria and viruses to evolve to such an extent of outpacing upcoming drugs suggests that stakeholders in the medical field should work towards achieving long-term and viable anti-microbial therapies that will evolve with the pathogens’ ability to adapt t o the situation. A succinct analysis of Bryskier (2005), reveals that antibiotics are composed of natural secretions by fungi and bacteria that aim at engulfing and killing other bacteria that are pose competition over limited nutrients. The drugs used in treating diseases in the contemporary originate from such secretions. Professionals in the medical field remain alarmed by the discovery that some viruses and bacteria have developed resistance to drugs, and further evolved through mutations or DNA alterations. Based on information outlined by Fisher and Mobashery (2010), rresidential areas and health facilities act as proper breeding grounds for drug resistant qualities of bacteria and viruses. Such bacteria flourish in an environment dominated by people with ailments and whose immune systems are

Discussion board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Discussion board - Assignment Example By so doing, most employees will work towards ensuring that the organization achieves their goals, and they get paid adequately because there will be job satisfaction as the payment plans are equal among all employees. The fair distribution of merit pay and other incentives makes the employees feel appreciated in the organization because the employer does not allow bias when it comes to compensating employees. In addition, the employer may come up with a payment plan where they can invest in the strong workers, to ensure that the poor workers work towards getting to where the strong workers are or have achieved. Additionally, it is a means of cultivating the stronger skills in the country to ensure that this workers stay in the organization and use their skills adequately in the organization. It is important for the organization to come up with a way to gather data to ensure that pay-for –performance is equitable and does not amount to favoring one group. The kind of data that is required include the objectives of every employee in the organization. This is because the employee’s objectives indicate whether the employee has similar goals as those of the organization. Secondly, the organization requires establishing the performance of the employees by conducting performance appraisals to establish, which employees are using their skills for the benefit of the organization. This is because having another perspective from other employees gives the employer an idea of the strengths and weakness of the employee (Heneman, 2002). The other form of data that can be used by the organization to establish pay for performance is to view the employee’s files and establish their commitment to the organization. By so doing, the employee sees the progress of the emp loyees and establishes areas where they should invest in relation to talent. Linking pay to objective criteria would

Why are social media good for the alcohol industry Essay

Why are social media good for the alcohol industry - Essay Example Not only do these media have a huge role in shaping social interactions between young people, they also play an important role in the development of advertising. Advertisers often see Facebook and Twitter as free advertising, because of the relatively low costs of setting up a Facebook 'page' or a Twitter account to spread the word about these products. Social media is also good for discussing new products, especially among youths, who may endorse or denounce these products publicly, having a massive impact on sales. Social media is often also used to discuss television, movies and music (Egan & Moreno, 2011), not only advertising these products but perhaps even endorsing the actions which go on in these media. The purpose of this essay is to discuss how these aspects of social media are good for the alcohol industry and how these things can affect alcohol use and abuse in the younger age groups because of their constant exposure to alcohol via social media sites. One of the most int eresting things about social media is its use in discussions, often live, about television programs and other more traditional forms of media. For example, programs such as Gossip Girl or Jersey Shore often have a huge online following on blog sites, Twitter and Facebook, which focus on discussing the show and characters. Shows aimed at a youth market often have a focus on alcohol (Rideout et al, 2010) and the effects this has on the body and social relationships. Gossip Girl, for example, commonly shows underage teenagers being served drinks in exclusive cocktail bars or having outrageous house parties where alcohol is freely available (Reid, 2009). The characters often look like they are having a great deal of fun. This is a great endorsement for the alcohol industry, who are often focused on tapping into the youth market who have often have significant amounts of disposable income (Rideout et al, 2010). Not only do these forms of traditional media encourage drinking, the use of s ocial media to reinforce these ideas can be seriously influential for the alcohol industry. Teenagers who may not have had exposure for alcohol before seeing these shows or hearing a recommendation to watch it from somewhere online may suddenly be more curious about the drug that causes the often imitable characters of these shows to have so much fun. Something else that is interesting about social media and alcohol is that the minimum age for signing up to most social networking sites is 13 (Rideout et al, 2010). This age is too young to drink in every country worldwide, and yet alcohol advertising is still prevalent on most social networking sites (Egan & Moreno, 2011). On something like Twitter, it would be impossible to ban all references or sideline advertising of alcoholic products. It has been recommended that social networking sites do not allow explicit advertising of alcoholic products, something that seems more important when you consider the fact that almost 50% of child ren in the UK aged 8-17 have a profile on a social networking site (Reid, 2009), a country which has the legal drinking age set at 18. Whilst there are no limitations on this kind of advertising (as there are on advertising cigarettes and alcohol via traditional media [Goodman, 2003]), it seems likely that social media will remain a good advertising source for the alcohol industry. A further interesting point about social media and alcohol consumption is that a reported 27% of 13-15 year olds have seen pictures of friends drunk on a social networking site such as Facebook (Egan & Moreno, 2011). This only goes to further the endorsement that these sites seem to give to alcoholic beverages. If the youth market sees that drinking is something that other young,

Macroeconomics Song Essay Example for Free

Macroeconomics Song Essay The poem’s major theme revolves around the unravelling of the US financial sector – and particularly its impact on investment banks in the wake of the recent global economic recession that affected the US and most of the world economies. Some of the macroeconomic concepts addressed – tacitly and explicitly – include: executive compensation, and the business cycle (Paxton, 1). The crisis is said to have primarily been triggered by the sub prime mortgage crisis. Traditionally, investment banks and other lending institutions have financed their customers’ borrowings from the deposits they collect from the members of the public. With the demand for credit finance to purchase essential items such as homes rising exponentially, the deposits became inadequate to finance the borrowing requirements and many of these financial institutions resorted to innovative financial products such as the securitization model or mortgage backed securities. Here, the financial institutions sell bonds. Those buying the bonds are guaranteed of getting their money back after a certain duration plus an attractive interest, and the money raised from floating these bond is advanced to the borrowers (in this case, prospective homeowners). The bondholders will be paid back their money whether the borrowers pay the bank back or default. Thus, it can be seen that the investment banks here shoulder substantial risks (Zeese, 1; Rasmus, 3; BBC, 1). The main problem was that these loans were made out to a segment of the market that is considered risky due to its low income and poor credit history. This segment has been referred to as the sub-prime mortgage segment. As long as the prices of homes continued to rise, this model of financing home purchases made sense because the borrowers could refinance their home purchases. However, and against all expectations, the real estate bubble that had been so prolonged in the country burst, and home prices began trending south at a dramatic rate. The import of all these is that the sub prime mortgage borrowers were unable to pay back what they had borrowed. They defaulted, leading to massive foreclosures (Zeese, 1; Rasmus, 3; BBC, 1). The loans that had been made out by the financial institutions were in the tune of billions of dollars. When these borrowers defaulted, the banks were left holding toxic assets, which they wrote down leading to massive losses. A number of them were pushed to the brink of bankruptcy. These include: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Goldman Sachs, AIG, Merrill Lynch, Bears Stearns and Lehman Brothers (Zeese, 1; Rasmus, 3; BBC, 1). It is this backdrop that provides the context for the poem. The poet parodies the false sense of security that these institutions had projected – for long, investment bankers such as Lehman Brothers had been viewed as beacons of stability in the American economy, doling out priceless advice to Americans on maters economic. But as the poet shows, the sub prime mortgage crisis unmasked them for who they are, left them at a loss of what to do, and they have turned out to be â€Å"the blind leading the blind†(Paxton, 1). One wonders how, with all their wisdom, the investment bankers could have hedged their risks upon such a risky market as the sub-prime mortgage segment. One of the immediate responses to the financial crisis was the rollout of a bailout package by the US government (whose worth was â€Å"seven hundred million grand,† in the words of the poet) (Paxton, 1). The failing institutions were major beneficiaries of this bailout package. According to Nanking (1), Bears Stearns was bought by JP Chase for $236 million, with the Federal Reserve Bank providing a staggering $30 billion to facilitate its purchase. Courtesy of the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, the government is said to have put in some $400 billion in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The AIG on its part received at least four cash bailouts, all of them amounting to $180 billion in total (Nanking, 1). The poet strongly questions the ethics behind these bailout packages, given that the crisis that affected the investment banks was largely self-inflicted. For example, apart from poor judgment resulting in the sub-prime mortgage crisis, the problems which the banks faced were also catalyzed by poor management practices such as excessive executive pay. The problems facing the banks also broke out at a time the issue of executive pay was coming under the spotlight. For example, Linn (2) writes that in 1970, top executives were earning 44 times what subordinate workers got and that by 2007 this had jumped to 344 times what the subordinate employees got. More telling is the fact that the CEO’s of Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch, two of the failed investment bankers, received a total of over $117 million in spite of leading their organizations down the drain (Bass and Beamish, 1). Lloyd Blankfein, Goldman Sach’s top honcho, got $54 million, when the bank made a loss, with the 116 investment banks that had been short listed for aid under the bailout package having paid a cool $1.6 billion as bonuses to their CEO’s. AIG was mulling paying its CEO $165 million, when it had made a loss of over $60 billion (Bass and Beamish, 1). Given that these banks had been advanced cash under the bailout plan (which itself is from taxpayer funds), it is logical to assert that it is the average American (who earns 344 times less what the CEO gets) who is being made to pay for the mistakes of the CEO’s. It is this obscenity that the poem seems to rant about. Listen to the poet: â€Å"And it said that failure was the only crime. If you really screwed things up, then you were through; Now––surprise!––there is a different point of view. All that crazy rooty-tootin’ And that golden parachutin’ Means that someone’s making millions––just not you!† Works Cited: BBC. (2007). The downturn in facts and figures. 21 Nov 2007. 28 May 2010.   http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7302341.stm Bass, Frank and Beamish, Rita. (2008). AP Study Finds $1.6B Went To Bailed-Out Bank Execs. 22 Dec 2008. 29 May 2010.   http://corridornews.blogspot.com/2008/12/investment-bank-executives-pork-out-on.html Linn, Allison. (2009). â€Å"AIG flap gives ammunition to critics of high pay.† MSNBC. Mar 20th 2009. 29 May 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29791834/ Nankin, Jesse. (2009). History of U.S. govt bailouts. 1 Nov 2009. 29 May 2010. http://www.propublica.org/special/bailout-aftermaths#penncentral Paxton, Tom. I am changing my name to Fannie Mae. Rasmus, Jack. (2008). Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac: phase two of the financial crisis. Sep 2008. 28 May 2009. http://www.zcommunications.org/zmag/viewArticle/18717 Zeese, Kevin. (2008). The causes of the auto crisis. 25 Nov 2008. 28 May 2009. http://www.countercurrents.org/zeese251108.htm

Ostracism in Athenian Democracy

Ostracism in Athenian Democracy Question 3. Ostraka Ostracism was a process instituted as one of the Kleisthenic reforms of 508/7BC as a result of the non-elite intervention in the conflict with the Spartan backed Isagoras, although there is no evidence for its actual use before 487BC (Forsdyke 2005: 144). Lasting for a period of 70 years it was a symbolic reminder of democratic power as opposed to elite rule as well as a pragmatic device for controlling the ambitions of potentially powerful traitors, or leading figures, without destabilizing the political system (Forsdyke 2005: 143). It required a minimum of 6,000 male citizens to take part in an annual secret ballot by inscribing the name of their preferred candidate on a potsherd (ostrakon plural ostraka) and the person who polled the most votes on a simple majority basis was exiled from Athens and Attica for a period of 10 years (Easterling and Handley 2001: 26) with the property and rights of the exile being protected by law during their exclusion. Ostrakon A. The inscriptions on this ostrakon(Fig. 1) can be transcribed, transliterated and translated as follows:- ÃŽ  ÃŽâ€¢ÃŽ ¡ÃŽâ„¢ÃŽÅ¡ÃŽâ€ºÃŽâ€¢ÃŽ £ ÃŽ §ÃŽ £ÃŽâ€˜ÃŽ ÃŽËœÃŽâ„¢ÃŽ  ÃŽ  ÃŽÅ¸ Perikles Xsanthippo Pericles (son) of Xanthippos Pericles was an aristocratic politician who became a democratic leader and this text shows his name inscribed alongside the genitive patronymic (the name of his father). A member of the Alkmaeonid family his mother was the niece of Kleisthenes and his father had been exiled in 484BC but recalled as a general during the Persian war. In 463/2BC he was elected as a prosecutor of Cimon who had been accused of receiving bribes from Alexander of Macedon and this opposition to Cimon brought a coalition with Ephialtes in 462BC to attack and reform the Areopagus (Hornblower and Spawforth 2003: 1139). When Ephialtes died and Cimon was ostracised Pericles became one of the most influential men in Athens, being elected as strategos (general) for 10 consecutive years from 443BC, and was an unopposed ruler who had an ambitious foreign policy of westward expansion that saw Athens become predominant in Greece (Bowder 1982: 157). The extensive public building programme instituted by Pericles, which included the re-building of the Parthenon (Bowder 1982: 156), was intended to make Athens an example to all Greece (Thucydides 2.41). An active military leader he put down a revolt in Euboea in 446BC and reviewed Athens grain supply during an expedition to the Black Sea (Hornblower and Spawforth 2003: 1139). Having once proposed a unification of all Greek states that had fought Persia, which Sparta opposed, his strategy, based upon the advice of Themistocles (Thucydides 1.93.16-17), as Athenian leader in the Peloponnesian war was to avoid fighting in the open, stay behind their fortifications and allow their sea power to prevail. Unfortunately the Athenians did not follow this policy which resulted in defeat (Davies 1993: 118-20). Pericles also made probably the most famous speech on Athenian democracy as a funeral oration for those who fell fighting Sparta in the first year of the Peloponnesian war where he commen ds the Athenian model to their neighbours as government by the many as opposed to an elite few (Barrow 1999: 29-30, Thucydides 2.35-46). Ostrakon B. The text on this ostrakon(Fig. 2) can be transcribed, transliterated and translated as follows:- ÃŽ £ÃŽÅ¸ÃŽÅ¡ÃŽ ¡ÃŽâ€˜ÃŽ ¤ÃŽâ€¢ÃŽ £: ΑÎ ÃŽâ€˜ÃŽâ€œÃŽ ¥ÃŽ ¡ÃŽâ€˜ÃŽ £ÃŽâ„¢ÃŽÅ¸ÃŽ £ Sokrates: Anagyrasios Socrates (of the deme) of Anagyrous The Socrates named here is not the famous philosopher but a general, one of the 10 strategos elected annually one from each of the 10 tribes (Barrow 1999: 20). The text gives the demotic adjective in the nominative case rather than the more usual genitive patronymic and from this deme name we can link Socrates to the Erechtheis tribe (Whitehead 1986: 369). Anagyrous was a garrison deme, possibly part of the signalling network (Whitehead 1986: 401) and as this ostrakon relates to 440BC (Easterling and Handley 2001: 28) we can assume Socrates was elected as strategos by his tribe in 441/440BC and given command of the Anagyrous garrison. We know nothing else of him so can only guess at why he was nominated for ostracism. Inscriptions C (Easterling and Handley 2001: p29). These inscriptions can be transliterated and translated as:- Themisthokles Neokleos Themistocles (son) of Neocles Themisthokles Neokleosito Themistocles (son) of Neocles Get Out Although these ostraka have the more normal form showing the genitive case patronymic two items are of note. Firstly, the double use of theta in Themistocles name and secondly the use of ito (Get out) which underlines the depth of feeling against him (Easterling and Handley 2001: 29) which is an interesting perspective given his reputation as father of the Athenian navy and the fact that he had implemented ostracism in 487BC (Bowder 1982: 198). There is evidence that the surviving ostraka on which Themistocles name is inscribed were written by only 14 people and this may reflect either the poor level of literacy at the time (ostraka being pre-prepared or written by a scribe) or some form of vote rigging (Murray 1993: 285). Themistocles was an Athenian politician, a member of the Lycomid family, a radical democrat who attempted to destroy the aristocracy and considered to be one of the greatest men of his generation (Bowder 1982: 199). When he was archonhe had developed Piraeus as the harbour of Athens (Thucydides 1.93.11-12) and argued that output from the Laurium silver mines be spent on increasing the size of the Athenian navy, ostensibly for the war against Aigina but in reality for use against Persia, which culminated in the victory at Salamis in 480BC (Herodotus 7.144.1-5). Although he had avoided being ostracised in the 480s he was sent into exile in 470/1BC after clashing with Cimon over accusations of negotiating with Persia (Bowder 1982: 198) but when accused by Sparta of becoming Persian he was recalled, fled and in his absence was condemned to death for treason. Arriving in Persia he was made governor of Magnesia where he remained until his death (Hornblower and Spawforth 2003: 1497). Ostracism fell into disrepair after 416BC when Alcibiades and Phiax manipulated its use to combine their forces and have their political rival Hyperbolus exiled. Corruption had always been present but this time it had been so blatant and visible that it completely discredited the process and its use was abandoned (Easterling and Handley 2001: 29). Bibliography Ancient Sources Herodotus: The Histories. trans. A. De Selincourt (Penguin ukessays>essays>classics). Middlesex. Penguin Books. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1986. Thucydides: The History of the Peloponnesian War. trans. R. Livingstone (The Worlds ukessays>essays>classics). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1973. Modern Sources Barrow, R. 1999: Athenian Democracy. (Inside the Ancient World). London. Bristol Classical Press. Bowder, D. (ed.) 1982: Who was who in the Greek world. Oxford. Phaidon Press. Davies, J.K. 1993: Democracy and Classical Greece. 2nd Edition (Fontana History of the Ancient World). London. Harper Collins. Forsdyke, S.L. 2005: Exile, Ostracism and Democracy: the Politics of Expulsion in Ancient Greece. Princeton. Princeton University Press. Hornblower, S and Spawforth, A (eds). 2003: The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 3rd Edition Revised. Oxford. Oxford University Press. Murray, O. 1993: Early Greece. 2nd Edition (Fontana History of the Ancient World). London. Harper Collins. Whitehead, D. 1986: The Demes of Attica 508/7- 250BC. London. Princeton University Press.

The Apache And Christian Creation Stories Are Unique Religion Essay

The Apache And Christian Creation Stories Are Unique Religion Essay The Apache and Christian creation stories are unique and interesting in their own ways. Long ago, there were people in the United States before the European settlers. They were Native Americans, people whose hearts and souls were one with the land and surrounding nature, the Apache. The Apache people had a unique and well developed society which included every aspect of life. One of the most interesting aspects of the Apache is their creation story. In the Apache creation story, nothing existed at the beginning; there was no earth or anything for that matter, only darkness shrouded everywhere. From the darkness appeared a thin disc, one side yellow and the other side white, suspended in midair. Inside the disc sat a small bearded man, who was called Creator. In Apache religion there is one main Creator, Ussen, and then lesser gods, making them have a total of four Gods thus making the Apache people polytheistic. The Creator found a Girl without Parents sitting on a cloud asking about the Earth. There were also four sacred colors, black, blue, yellow, and white which have guided the Apachs in their prayer to the Creator. The four colors symbolize the colors of the threads Tarantula used to pull and stretch the earth. During creation, the Creator made the gods, heavens, earth, plants, and animals all from his sweat. The creator sent a lesser God named Lightning-Maker to encircle the world, and he returned with three uncivilized creatures, two girls and a boy. These creatures had no eyes, ears, hair, mouths, noses, or teeth. They had arms and legs, but no fingers or toes. The three creatures were placed inside a sweathouse created by Girl without Parents. They came out of the sweathouse and the Creator then gave each of them fingers, toes, mouths, eyes, ears, noses and hair. Creator named the boy, Sky-Boy, to be chief of the Sky-People. One girl he named Earth-Daughter, to take charge of the earth and its crops. The other girl he named Pollen-Girl, and gave her ch arge of health care for all Earth-People. The Creator thought that it would be a fun idea to create animals, birds, trees, and hills to cover the earth. Like many other religions, the Apache religion has a creation story that includes a flood. After the flood was over, the Creator left and put Lightning-Rumbler, in charge of clouds and water. The Creator left Sky-Boy in charge of the Sky-People. The Earth-Daughter was left in charge of all crops and Earth-People. Pollen-Girl was in charge of the health and guidance of everyone. The Christian theory of creation is unique in its own way as well. The Christian theory states that in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. When God created Light, he saw that the light was good; so he separated the light from the darkness. The light was called Day, and the darkness was called Night. This was the first day of creation. The firmament that God created from water was called Heaven. Then evening and morning were created, this was the second day of creation. The water was gathered in one place so that dry land appeared, the dry land was called Earth, and the gathered water was called Seas. God then made the vegetation, plants yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing fruit, this was the end of the third day. On the fourth day, God made two great lights, a greater light to rule the day, and a lesser light to rule the night; he also made the stars. On the fifth and sixth days, God created the creatures of the Earth, sea, and sky and told them to multiply. God created man in his own image, in the image, he created male and female. God blessed them, and told them to be fruitful and multiply. He also told them to command all of the earth; and he gave them green plants for food. God blessed them and that was the end of the sixth day. God blessed the seventh day and rested from all his work. These creation stories are the backbone of each of the Christian and Apache belief systems. The Apache and Christian belief systems include a variety of characters, which are present in the creation stories. There is but only one God involved in the Christian creation story therefore making Christianity a monotheistic religion. The Apache creation story involves multiple figures; the Creator and the lesser Gods making this a polytheistic faith. These characters have either helped the divine being create the universe or they were created by the divine being to take care of the Earth. The Creator in the Apache myth is depicted as a small man with a beard. This can be compared to God in the Christian creation theory. Both are depicted as old males. These elderly male figures may represent wisdom and knowledge. In the Apache story, the Creator was the Supreme Being that is in charge of everything. There were also lesser Gods that helped the Creator create the Earth, while in the Christian theory, God created everything by himself. Although the God in the Christian creation stor y does get tried on the seventh day of creation and needs rest, he is not anthropomorphic. The Creator in the Apache story is considered to be anthropomorphic. The Creator displays humanlike characteristics, for instance, he was sweating throughout the whole creation time period. In the Apache creation story, there were many figures involved in the creation of the universe, while in Christianity there was only one God that created the universe. A very prominent concept that stood out in the Apache creation myth is the fact that there were animals involved in the creation of the universe. Animals like hummingbirds and tarantulas played a vital part in the creation of the universe. The fact that animals aided in the creation of the universe, is reflected in the actual beliefs of the Apache people. The Apache believe in nagualism and animism. They believe that a human being has the power to magically turn him or herself into an animal form. They also believe that that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in animals, plants, and other parts of the natural environment. Followers of the Christian faith do not believe in nagualism as this belief is thought to be a primitive practice. Animals are considered sacred to the Apache, so there sacredness may be because of the roles the animals played in the creation of the universe. Animals do not seem as significant in the Christian faith, maybe this because animals were actually created by God and did not assist in the creation of the universe. The use of numbers in the Apache and the Christian creation stories is very prominent. The number four is considered to be sacred to the Apache. During the creation of the universe, the Apache Creator always said things four times, and he clapped and rubbed his hands together four times. There were also a total of four Gods that mixed their sweat together to create a bean which eventually became the earth. The tarantula spun black, blue, yellow, and white cords and pulled them in four direction; east, south, west, and north. The number four was a significant part of the Apache creation story. The number four is still considered sacred to the Apache. During rituals and dances, they sing all their songs and prayers in sets of four; all rites last four nights. In the Christian belief, it took seven days to create the universe. This can be related to the amount of days we have in a week. In the creation myth, God hallowed on the seventh day and worked the other six days. In our modern wo rld, Sunday -the seventh day of the week- is supposed to be for rest, just like in the Christian creation myth. The number seven is also important in both the Old Testament and the New Testament. It seems that numerology was so important that representing an event or series of events with the number 7 helped prove that the story was true. The number seven also means control. The numerology that appeared in the creation stories reflects belief of the respective creed.

Nestle :: essays research papers

Nestle (Brief Overview) 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unconventional methodology of extension to other countries in it’s early years. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nestle made a name for itself with an experiment involving a child who was intolerant to his mother’s milk or any other substitutes. Nestle not only saved the baby’s life but achieved the feat with a formula developed with a formula that included lactose as one of it’s key ingredients. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several acquisitions along Nestle’s timeline would further accent its touch in its major revolution in the food industry. CASE1 : IMPORTANT FACTS OF THE CASE. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nestle’s commencement in 1866 by the Swedish pharmacists and further expansion into Europe and subsequently the rest of the world 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nestle’s landmark acquisituions. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nestle’s first mover strategy. The writer makes a comparison to enterprises during the industrial revolution. These companies had to invest in infrasture that are almost negligible in todays commerce activities, to start off production. Nestle had to engage in activities with a potential high risk such as their milk collection process in china. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It’s broad based globalization that attracted 99% of it’s revenue from outside of it’s home country in a little over a century 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The employment of tactics and strategy in a saturated market like Europe in the late nineties. ( I.E. potential to find an emerging market way before it gets prosperous. Responses to income levels) 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nestle focused more on customization instead of the then resounding and domineering globalization. They believed in customizing a product to suit a local niche one market at a time. That way new product failure rate remained minimal and New product Development grew significantly. This process is referred to as local adaptation by the writer. CASE2 : With regards to emerging markets 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nestle has always pioneered in being the first mover into a new market. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aligned with the vision of its proprietor they configure new products to their best fit assumption and then introduce it to a unsuspecting market. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After having a substantial leverage on the market, subsequent growth in the market would also mean growth for the subsidiary market share of nestle. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Examples of such products experimented with include tofu, noodles and of Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s favorite, condensed milk. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nestle noticeably pierces the market with staple or basic fodd items before upgrading to more upscale products. CASE 3: What is required for the strategy to work 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A centralized organizational goal and focus on new product development accented with the regional taste. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An unbiased commitment to optimum product standards. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Subsequent monitoring and alterations as required 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Progress report and full disclosure to stakeholders involved to determine if it is worth continuing.

Kandinsky and Diebenkorn Artists :: essays research papers

Wassily Kandinsky was one of the best-known abstract painters and one of the most influential artists of his generation. He was born in Moscow, Russia on December 4th, 1866. From 1886-92, he studied law and economics at the University of Moscow. Kandinsky declined a teaching position in order to study art in Munich, Russia with Anton Azbe from 1897 to 1899 and at the Kunstakademie with Franz von Stuck in 1900. He died in a suburb of Paris on December 13th, 1944. Born on April 22nd, 1922 in Portland, Oregon, Richard Diebenkorn became a leading Abstract Expressionist. He enrolled at Stanford University in 1940. At first, he painted in a style influenced by Edward Hopper but by the late 1940s and early 1950s he began living and working in various places. Soon he developed his own style of Abstract Expressionist painting. Diebenkorn became an important figurative painter in the mid-1950s but returned to abstraction in 1967 in a geometric style. He died on March 30th, 1993. The work of Kandinsky and Diebenkorn were similar and different in many ways. Both artists used at least some geometric figures in their paintings, unique colors and unique patterns. Kandinsky used brighter colors and a greater variety of them. Although Diebenkorn?s colors were unique, they were kind of dull and there wasn?t as much of a variety. Also, Dibenkorn?s art was fairly simple compared to Kandinsky. Kandinsky filled the paper with many different shapes, scattered everywhere but Diebenkorn just stuck to rectangular and triangular figures mostly and rarely used circular figures. Kandinsky mostly used a bright variety of colors in his works. His art was based mainly on different kinds of shapes but usually contained lines. In some of his paintings, the texture is smooth like in ?Blue Painting?, but in others it is a bit rough like in ?Color Studies.? Kandinsky?s paintings made up only of shapes have their objects cluttered together with only a few objects by themselves. These shapes include triangles, circles, squares, rectangles, and everything in between. The colors in his art works help unite the pieces and bring it all together by fading and such in certain aspects. In a lot of Kandinsky?s paintings, there really isn?t anything that is dominant because there are so many pieces and unique objects.

Free Essays - Themes and Voices in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: Frankenstein essays

Themes and Voices in Frankenstein There are many different narrative voices that take place in the novel Frankenstein. These narrative voices not only help the reader appeal to different characters, but they develop characters personality as well. The monster's character evolves in many ways throughout the novel, depending on the point of view it's coming from. When the monster himself speaks (first person) the reader tends to feel sympathy as well as pity, towards him. He is loving and gentle at the beginning of his life, childlike in his curiosity and experiences, but after several harsh encounters with humans, he becomes bitter. Thus seeking revenge on his creator for making him so hideous and rendering him permanently lonely because of his ugliness. He doesn't come across nearly as horrific as he is believed to be in the eyes of Frankenstein. All the monster wanted was to love and to be loved in return and instead he was the true outcast of society. The monster shows a unique ability to analyze humanity because, though he's not a human himself, he has the intelligence of one. He explains, "I heard about the slothful Asiatics; of the stupendous genius and mental activity of the Grecians; of the wars and wonderfu l virtue of the early Romans--of their subsequent degenerating--of the decline of that mighty empire; of chivalry, Christianity, and kings." This synopsis of culture in a nutshell shows the monster's ability to put humanity in perspective. Yet this education only furthers the monster's realization that he is disconnected from the humans he admires. The reader's take on the monster however changes dramatically when Victor is the narrator. Frankenstein's creation becomes a wretched and terrible villain of the story when it is told through him (third person). For example Victor's disgust and hatred for the monster is evident right from the first time he sees him, as he says "A flash of lightning illuminated the object and discovered its shape plainly to me; its gigantic stature, and the deformity of its aspect, more hideous than belongs to humanity, instantly informed me that it was the wretch, the filthy demon to whom I had given life." When the story is told through Victor it is all about what the monster is doing to him and how heartless the creature is.

HBS Marriott Case

Marriott Corporation has three divisions – lodging, contract services and restaurants – with dissimilar operations. The company uses three separate hurdle rates for the three divisions to value the proposed projects. It is believed that this strategy is more appropriate that using a single firm-wide discount rate because the operations of the three divisions differ drastically. However, the company has to ensure that the company uses an appropriate discount rate for each division. Therefore, we calculate the appropriate cost of capital for Marriott as well as for each of the three divisions. A detailed analysis is presented about the appropriate calculation inputs for each of the three divisions and various assumptions, made while performing the calculations, are justified. 1) Are the four components of Marriott's financial strategy consistent with its growth objective? The first component of the strategy is to manage rather than own the hotel properties. This objective mitigates the investment needed to launch new hotels, as the general partner is not required to make significant investments. Although it may be argued that such a strategy could decrease the profit margins, the growth prospects are certainly easily achievable because of less limitation on the resources required. The second objective is an important characteristic of modern corporate finance. It believed that focusing on maximizing shareholder value should be the underlying aim of every corporation, leading to stable growth and healthy profits. With regard to the third objective, Miller and Modigliani claimed that the use of debt, in the presence of corporate taxes, could increase the value of a company through the value added by debt tax shield. In modern finance, it is commonly believed that debt can increase the value of a corporation. However, a company should be careful about high debt levels because of the distress costs associated with high debt. As stated by Marriott, a corporation should aim to optimize its debt at the most beneficial level. The repurchase of undervalued shares might not always be consistent with the growth objective. The repurchase program could make sense if the shares are believed to be highly undervalued and the company does not have more attractive investment opportunities to utilize its cash. However, the strategy could also hinder growth if the company is foregoing highly profitable investment opportunities in order to take advantage of slight under pricing in its shares. 2) How does Marriott use its estimate of its cost of capital? Does this make sense? Marriot evaluates its investment opportunities using the discounted cash flow approach, which requires an estimate of the cost of capital. Technically, the cost of capital for each investment should be commensurate with the amount of risk inherent within the investment. Thereby, if a company has ten different prospective investments, it could have ten different cost of capital estimates for the investments. However, it is impractical for companies to estimate a separate cost of capital for each investment opportunity. Usually, a company operates in a uniform line of business and has investment opportunities with similar risks. Therefore, it is normal for companies to use a single firm-wide cost of capital. However, companies with multiple divisions often use separate cost of capitals for the divisions because each division has separate operations and risks. Marriott Corporation has three separate divisions and employs three separate hurdle rates – one for each division. This treatment is consistent with theory as long as the hurdle rates adequately compensates for the risk inherent in each division’s investment and risk does not vary significantly across investments within a division. ) What is the weighted average cost of capital for Marriott Corporation as a whole? What risk-free rate and risk premium do you use to calculate the cost of equity? How do you measure Marriott's cost of debt? There is no agreed-upon measure of riskfree rate that investors could use. In fact, the available riskfree interest rate could be argued to change with changes in business cycles and economic policies. In t he US, the rate offered by US Treasury securities is often deemed riskfree because of the negligible default risk. However, there is a disagreement regarding the maturity of the treasury security that should be used as a proxy for riskfree rate. Since Marriott is seeking to optimize its debt at a long-term stable level, it is believed that the maturity of the company’s debt will be long. Therefore, the 10-year Treasury bond seems to be an appropriate measure of riskfree rate. The cost of debt is calculated by adding the specified risk premium to the selected riskfree rate. The cost of equity can be calculated using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The market risk premium is an important constituent of the CAPM. The market risk premium estimates the premium for the excess risk taken by market participants. Investors can earn a certain degree of return – the riskfree rate – without taking any risk. Therefore, the riskfree rate should be subtracted from the market return to calculate the market risk premium – the extra return that investors earn by taking risk. We already have an estimate of the riskfree rate that can be used for Marriott. Therefore, the market risk premium can be calculated by estimating the appropriate market return. The proxy for market return is usually a national stock index such as the S&P500 for US companies. In contrast to the Treasury bond market, where the yields provide an estimate of the future returns on the security, there is no consensus estimate on the future expected return on the stock market. Therefore, historical averages of stock returns are typically used to estimate the future expected return on the market. We use biggest available period – 1926 to 1987 – to estimate the average historical market risk premium. The information about riskfree rate and the market risk premium can be combined with equity beta of Marriott (provided in the case study) to calculate to cost of equity of the company. Once we have the respective costs of debt and equity, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is simply their average – weighted using the target proportion of debt provided in the case study. The calculations in the attached spreadsheet show that the WACC for Marriott is 10. 39%. 4) What type of investments would you value using Marriott's cost of capital? The cost of capital estimates the riskiness of an average investment within the company. If an investment under consideration by Marriott has more risk than the average investment risk, the cost of capital would understate the risk and overstate the value of investment. On the other hand, if an investment has less risk than the average investment risk, the cost of capital would overstate the risk and understate the value of investment. Therefore, the cost of capital is only appropriate for valuing investments, which closely resemble the typical investments carried out by Marriot Corporation. If an investment has a different amount of risk than the typical investment in Marriott, the company should strive to calculate the cost of capital that is consistent with the investment in question. One way of estimating the appropriate cost of capital would be to look at the comparable companies where that particular investment would be a typical investment. For example, an investment in sports equipment could be evaluated by looking at the cost of capital used by a sports club that uses similar equipment. ) If Marriott used a single hurdle rate for evaluating projects in each of its divisions, what would happen to the company over time? Marriott has three separate divisions with dissimilar operations. The firm-wide cost of capital is probably a weighted average of the three individual costs of capital commensurate with each of the three divisions. While the firm-wide cost of capital might be a good measure of the risk of an average investment undertaken by the company, it is proba bly not a good measure of the investment risk inherent in each division’s average project. If the company continues to use a single discount rate for each of its three divisions, the project cash flows of the division with more than average risk would be overstated, while the project cash flows of division with less than average risk would be understated. Therefore, division with more than average risk would start accepting projects that would have been otherwise rejected if a more appropriate higher discount rate were used. On the other hand, the division with less than average risk would start rejecting projects that would have been accepted if a more appropriate lower discount rate were used. In short, the more risky division would accept negative NPV projects, while the less risky division would reject positive NPV projects. 6) What are the costs of capital for the lodging and restaurant divisions of Marriott? The division wise calculations of the cost of capital are shown in the attached spreadsheet. The weighted average costs of capital for the lodging and restaurant divisions are 9. 76% and 13. 32% respectively. It is important to note that the discount rates differ because certain inputs in the calculations are dissimilar. The most significant differences are in riskfree rates, asset betas, and debt proportions. a) What risk-free rate and market risk premium do you use in calculating the cost of equity capital for each division? How do you choose these numbers? There is no full consensus of which proxy for riskfree rate should be used. Nevertheless, it is generally believed that the maturity of the riskfree rate proxy should match the purpose for which the rate is utilized. It is mentioned that the lodging division has more long-term assets, while assets of restaurant division are short-term in nature. Therefore, one-year riskfree rate has been employed in the restaurant division, whereas a higher ten-year rate has been utilized in the lodging division. On the other hand, the market risk premium for both divisions is the same as the market risk premium previously used for the whole company. Although the asset betas for the divisions have been calculated using the past five years data, it is believed that a larger pool of data should be used to estimate the market risk premium because the recent volatility in the markets might distort results. ) Did you use arithmetic or geometric averages to measure rates of returns? The arithmetic mean adds the annual historical risk premiums and averages the results, while the geometric mean is equal to the compounded annual risk premium. In professional practice, both these methods of calculating average historical risk premiums are regularly employed. However, there is a major statistical difference between the two approaches. Geometric mean is a compounded average of risk premiums and is, therefore, a good predictor of the risk premium over multiple future time-periods. On the other hand, arithmetic mean is the best predictor of risk premium for the forthcoming time-period. In other words, arithmetic mean would be better at predicting the risk premium for the next year, while geometric mean would be superior at predicting the average risk premium over the next few years combined. In this case, we are calculating the risk premium for the purposes of using it in the CAPM model. The CAPM is a single period model, which estimates the cost of equity over a specified time interval. Therefore, the arithmetic mean might be a better method in this context. ) How do you measure the cost of debt for each division? Should the cost of debt differ across divisions? The rationale for using different riskfree rates for the division has already been explained in the preceding section. The case study also provides different levels of risk premiums that should be added to the riskfree rate to calculate the total cost of debt. It could be argued that the company only p ays a single cost of debt, and there is no need to calculate separate cost of debt for each division. However, each division has separate financial leverage, different sales, and a unique ability to cover its debt obligations. Therefore, each division’s debt should also be rated separately for more accurate capital budgeting. d) How do you measure the beta of each division? The betas for the divisions have been calculated using the pure play approach. Under this approach, the equity betas for companies, comparable to each division, are unlevered in accordance with the respective leverage. The resulting asset betas are then averaged to obtain an estimate of the asset beta for each division. Subsequently, the respective asset beta for each division is relevered, using the target debt ratio for the division, to obtain the equity beta. ) What is the cost of capital for Marriott's contract services division? How can you estimate its cost of equity when there are no publicly traded comparables? The beta for contract services division cannot be obtained directly because there are publicly traded comparable companies, which could have been used to employ the pure play approach. However, we do have informati on about the asset beta of the overall company as well as the asset betas for the remaining two divisions. Theoretically, the overall asset beta for Marriott should be a weighted average of the individual asset betas for the three divisions. The weights can be calculated using the information about identifiable assets in each division. Thereby, the only unknown in the equation is contract services division’s asset beta, which can be obtained through basic arithmetic. Subsequently, the asset beta can be levered using the target debt proportion to obtain the equity beta, which can be used is the CAPM equation to calculate the cost of equity for contract services division. The WACC for the division is simply the weighted average of its cost of equity and cost of debt. The calculations in the attached spreadsheet estimate the cost of capital to be 8. 4%. 8) Marriott also considered using the hurdle rates to determine incentive compensation. How do we link this with the Economic Value Added (EVA) approach? The objective of any company’s management should be to maximize the shareholder wealth. Shareholder wealth increases when a company consistently produces positive economic value. In this context, economic valu e added is measured as the excess operating profits over the dollar cost of capital. In mathematical terms, economic value added equals net operating profits after tax minus the product of cost of capital and capital employed (dollar amount of WACC). The concept of economic value added is closely linked to the concept of net present value (NPV) calculated using the hurdle rates. Specifically, a positive NPV project will generate positive EVA, while a negative NPV project will generate negative EVA. Therefore, if a company only accept positive NPV projects, calculated using the appropriate hurdle rates, it will generate positive EVA on the profits generated from these projects. Therefore, a manager’s compensation could be linked to the amount of positive net present value that the manager generates through new investments.

Irony in the Scarlet Letter Essay

chaff regards every(prenominal) simple truth as a challenge. When reading a story, the casings that beat already presented themselves, lead a someone to perceive what is departure to happen, but when that soul encounter an unexpected publication, as ordinarily experienced done chaff, it changes what the person perceives is going to happen. The Scarlet Letter exemplifies this using up of irony to challenge truth. Hawthorne provides details about a specific share, but then creates an change surfacet which stands in contrast to these details.Hawthornes uses irony, visualized through characters names, the first scaffold injection, and the puritan biotic community, to express the truth throughout the novel. In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne uses characters names to contrast to their un top dogable characteristics. He uses the name Pearl, which heart purity, as a nickname for a pestilential character. He portrays Roger Chillingworth as a doctor, plot of land Chillingw orths main purpose involves cause the deterioration of Arthur Dimmesdales health. Arthur Dimmesdale, a saint-like propose to the Puritan friendship, indulges in a prominent sin. Being a minister, his life elucidates hypocrisy.He has committed one of the greatest sins that he condemns in his sermons. Hawthorne uses these evident labels to contrast to characters true characteristics. The scaffold scenes for each one reveal a truth through use of irony. The first scaffold scene connotes not only a lodge between Hester and Dimmesdale, but also Dimmesdales wishes in regard to their sin. At the line of descent of the novel, succession the indorsers main question involves Pearls father, Hawthorne asides separate characters by emphasizing Dimmesdales mocking of Hester. This emphasis exposes Dimmesdale as the prime peculiar to be Pearls father.Dimmesdale speaks oddly in third-person about what Pearls father should do. He also stresses that Hester should fall apart who she had an affair with, and that her partner will sustain being exposed, as if trying to prevail on _or_ upon her that he wants to be revealed but is to frighten to do so on his own. This event causes irony, as the focus on Dimmesdale and Hester in this scene foreshadows their relations later in the novel. Hawthorne portrays the Puritan Community as a body that lacks the ability to descry truth, while their ideals involve creating a city upon a hill that has achieved the net truth.When Roger Chillingworth arrives in Boston, the community falsely believes that he has been sent from deity to cure Arthur Dimmesdale. When Chillingworth wishes to house with Dimmesdale, few question Chillingworths intent. Even as they call for Dimmesdales worsening condition, few cursed it on Roger Chillingworth. The community also fails to fare Dimmesdales attempts to confess his sin. In his sermons, Dimmesdale states that he is altogether vile, a viler companion of the vilest and that he should be shriv eled up sooner their eyes by the burning passion of the Almighty.The community, still believing that he has not committed any serious sin, thinks of him even the higher. The communitys inability to recognize evil characters and sin overshadows their wishes to perceive the ultimate truth. Characters names, the first scaffold scene, and the Puritan Community act as a means of expressing truth through Hawthornes use of irony. Hawthorne provides evident details on characters, allowing the reader to obtain truth through an dry event. Hawthorne meets the quote in the beginning by the requirement that irony should regard every simple truth as a challenge.