Time I Experienced Failure

When i was in 9th grade I almost failed my history class and I was concerned about my gpa as well. Coming into 9th grade I thought it was going to be really easy in 9th grade but I think the real problem was that I was not focused At that time i really didn’t know what gpa was and when i got to 10th grade after the first marking period i had a 3. 0 gpa, i didn’t expect that because in the first period of my 10th grade year i did really well but then i was told the reason it was low was because of my 9th grade year.Sometimes I wish I could go back to 9th grade and redo the grade. History class was not the only class that I was worried about because I was just passing some of the other class as well. After the first semester my parents, teachers were all concerned about me and their attention just gave me more pressure to do good. If i could just go back in time to fix the problems I had that year I really think that would help me get a better gpa and make me a better stu dent.After my 1st semester in high school all my teachers and parents paid lots of attention to me which really just scared me because I really didn’t want to repeat that history class again. When I look back I just think to myself why did I fool around in that class and not pay attention. Every assignment I got couldn’t be completed because I didn’t pay attention and when the teacher asked me for I said no. I felt like my teacher thought I was dumb because he recommend to put me in a lower history class next year but I know he was just doing what was best for me.I felt like nobody believed in me and thought what would happen when I move on in high school because it’s going to get tougher and tougher every year and I have to be prepared. There was trouble at home as well because my parents were really upset and thought what if i can’t go to college. My parents were afraid, if my bad grades continued it would be hard for me to get in college. After my first semester they decided that change was needed so they took my all game consoles, phone and everything till I improved my grades.My parents were at my school during my course selection, they weren’t happy when my teacher recommend me into a lower history class, I wanted to change the recommend and move on to next history class with my friend but my counselor and parents thought I should go a to lower history class. After a while I persuaded them into letting me move on but I had to pass history class this year or I would have to repeat same history class. That day I made a promise to myself that I would study my heart out to pass history class. Things were tough but I knew what I had to do to pass history.I had to stay after school to get help but it was worth it because at the end i passed history. I created lots of practices quiz, flashcards to help me through the class. I still use those strategies to this day, I am sure that’s the reason for my success in my classes. During this time my parents were pushing me to do better and they weren’t that happy because I passed history by 2 percent. Going into 10th grade I knew i had to get better grades which is what I did, I made lot’s of changes during the time which was necessary.I set goals to accomplished through every semester in 10th grade. In 9th grade I was scared to ask questions because if i said something dumb people would laugh at me but in 10th grade I didn’t care who laughed at me and asked lots of questions. All these things made me a better person and student. In all, I wanted to redo my 9th grade but in honesty if i didn’t have that year in my experiences I would have never learned from the mistakes. I would have never pushed my conscience to try harder and don’t give up. 9th grade was a rollercoaster ride but at the end I came out successful. Time I Experienced Failure When i was in 9th grade I almost failed my history class and I was concerned about my gpa as well. Coming into 9th grade I thought it was going to be really easy in 9th grade but I think the real problem was that I was not focused At that time i really didn’t know what gpa was and when i got to 10th grade after the first marking period i had a 3.0 gpa, i didn’t expect that because in the first period of my 10th grade year i did really well but then i was told the reason it was low was because of my 9th grade year. Sometimes I wish I could go back to 9th grade and redo the grade. History class was not the only class that I was worried about because I was just passing some of the other class as well. After the first semester my parents, teachers were all concerned about me and their attention just gave me more pressure to do good.If i could just go back in time to fix the problems I had that year I really think that would help me get a better gpa and make me a better stud ent. After my 1st semester in high school all my teachers and parents paid lots of attention to me which really just scared me because I really didn’t want to repeat that history class again. When I look back I just think to myself why did I fool around in that class and not pay attention.Every assignment I got couldn’t be completed because I didn’t pay attention and when the teacher asked me for I said no. I felt like my teacher thought I was dumb because he recommend to put me in a lower history class next year but I know he was just doing what was best for me. I felt like nobody believed in me and thought what would happen when I move on in high school because it’s going to get tougher and tougher every year and I have to be prepared.There was trouble at home as well because my parents were really upset and thought what if i can’t go to college. My parents were afraid, if my bad grades continued it would be hard for me to get in  college. Afte r my first semester they decided that change was needed so they took my all game consoles, phone and everything till I improved my grades.My parents were at my school during my course selection, they weren’t happy when my teacher recommend me into a lower history class, I wanted to change the recommend and move on to next history class with my friend but my counselor and parents thought I should go a to lower history class. After a while I persuaded them into letting me move on but I had to pass history class this year or I would have to repeat same history class. That day I made a promise to myself that I would study my heart out to pass history class.Things were tough but I knew what I had to do to pass history. I had to stay after school to get help but it was worth it because at the end i passed history. I created lots of practices quiz, flashcards to help me through the class.I still use those strategies to this day, I am sure that’s the reason for my success in m y classes. During this time my parents were pushing me to do better and they weren’t that happy because I passed history by 2 percent.Going into 10th grade I knew i had to get better grades which is what I did, I made lot’s of changes during the time which was necessary. I set goals to accomplished through every semester in 10th grade. In 9th grade I was scared to ask questions because if i said something dumb people would laugh at me but in 10th grade I didn’t care who laughed at me and asked lots of questions. All these things made me a better person and student.In all, I wanted to redo my 9th grade but in honesty if i didn’t have that year in my experiences I would have never learned from the mistakes. I would have never pushed my conscience to try harder and don’t give up. 9th grade was a rollercoaster ride but at the end I came out successful.

Defining And Analysing Green Chemistry Environmental Sciences Essay

Our environment, which is endowed by nature, needs to be protected from of all time increasing chemical pollution associated with modern-day life styles and emerging engineerings. India, 2nd largest manufacturer of pesticides and ranked 12th in pharmaceutical production, is fast rising as top 5 participant in selected petrochemicals. The challenge for the establishment and industries is to come together and prosecute development in the field of greenish chemical science by cut downing or extinguishing the usage and coevals of risky substances. We have organized a national and an international symposium for advancing Green Chemistry in India, which has provided the platform for interaction of constructs among the taking scientist. Furthermore a refresher class of three hebdomads for college instructors on eco-friendly chemical science has besides been organized earlier to advance consciousness and facilitate instruction preparation and the pattern of green chemical science in academic establishments. The chief thought buttocks is to trip work towards green chemical science for which engagement of academic, industrial, governmental and non-governmental organic structures is needed jointly which will assist the designing and development of environment friendly chemical science patterns in India. ent enterprises. Introduction Green chemical science: – Green chemical science may be defined as the innovation, design, and application of chemical merchandise and procedure to cut down the eliminate the usage and coevals of risky substances. Therefore, green chemical science is a tool non merely for minimising the negative impact of those processs aimed at optimising efficiency, although clearly both impact minimisation and procedure optimisation are legitimate and complementary aims of the topic. Green chemical science, nevertheless, besides recognizes that there are important effects to the usage of risky substances, runing from regulative, managing and conveyance, and liability issues, to call a few. To restrict the definition to cover with waste merely, would be to turn to lone portion of the job. Green chemical science is applicable to all facets of the merchandise life rhythm as well.A Finally, the definition of green chemical science includes the term â€Å" risky † . It is of import to observe that green chemical science is a manner of covering with hazard decrease and pollution bar by turn toing the intrinsic jeopardies of the substances instead than those fortunes and conditions of their usage that might increase their hazard. Green chemical science is non complicated although it is frequently elegant. Green chemical science applies to any type of chemical science such as organic chemical science, inorganic chemical science, bio chemical science, analytical chemical science and even physical chemical science. Green chemical science is chiefly for industrial country. The chief end of green chemical science is to minimising the jeopardy and maximising the efficiency of any chemical pick. Green chemical science can be applies on organic chemical science, physical chemical science, inorganic chemical science, analytical chemical science and biochemistry. Chiefly green chemical science focuses on industrial applications. The chief end of green chemical science is to minimising the jeopardy and maximising the efficiency of any chemical pick. Principles of green chemical science: – There are 12 rules of green chemical science. It is better to forestall waste than to handle or clean up waste after it is formed. Man-made methods should be designed to maximise the incorporation of all stuffs used in the procedure into the concluding merchandise. Wherever operable, man-made methodological analysiss should be designed to utilize and bring forth substances that possess small or no toxicity to human wellness and the environment. Chemical merchandises should be designed to continue efficaciousness of map while cut downing toxicity. The usage of subsidiary substances ( dissolvers, separation agents, etc. ) should be made unneeded whenever possible and innocuous when used. Energy demands should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. Man-made methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and force per unit area. A natural stuff or feedstock should be renewable instead than consuming whenever technically and economically operable. Unnecessary denationalization ( barricading group, protection/ deprotection, impermanent alteration of physical/chemical procedures ) should be avoided whenever possible. Catalytic reagents ( every bit selective as possible ) are superior to stoichiometric reagents. Chemical merchandises should be designed so that at the terminal of their map they do non prevail in the environment and make interrupt down into innocuous debasement merchandises. Analytic methodological analysiss need to be farther developed to let for existent clip, in-process monitoring and control before the formation of risky substances. Substances and the signifier of a substance used in a chemical procedure should be chosen to minimise the potency for chemical accidents, including releases, detonations, and fires. The term Green Chemistry, coined by staff at the US EPA in the 1990s, helped to convey focal point to an increasing involvement in developing more environmentally friendly chemical procedures and merchandises. An rating of how green a chemical reaction or a chemical procedure is seems to be best done in footings of the 12 rules that have been advocated by Anastas and Warner. These dogmas deal with cardinal issues such as pollution bar, atom economization and toxicity decrease. The kernel of the 12 rules may be summarized as follows: Waste bar alternatively of waste clean-up, atom economic system as an of import concern, design of environmentally friendly man-made methodological analysiss, design of safer chemicals, redundancy of subsidiary substances, preservation of energy, usage of renewable feedstock, decrease of unneeded derivatization, catalytic reactions alternatively of stoichiometric 1s, adulteration of concluding merchandises after the terminal of their map, real-time analysis for pollution bar and schemes for chemical accident bar. Sustainable development- Sustainability in scientific discipline and engineering Begins when we start believing how to work out a job or how to turn scientific discipline into engineering. Chemistry, as the scientific discipline of affair and its transmutation, plays a cardinal function in this procedure and is the span between natural philosophies, stuff scientific disciplines and life scientific disciplines. Merely chemical procedures, which have reached – after careful optimisation – a maximal in efficiency, will take to more sustainable merchandises and production. Scientists and applied scientists, who invent, develop and optimise such procedures, hence play a cardinal function. Their consciousness, creativeness and looking in front is needed to convey reactions and chemical procedures to maximal efficiency. The term â€Å" Green Chemistry † has been coined for attempts towards this end. Atom economic system: – Atom economic system means maximising incorporation of stuff from the get downing stuffs or reagents into the concluding merchandises. It is basically pollution bar at molecular degree. For illustration, a chemist practising atom economic system would take to synthesis a needful merchandise by seting together basic edifice blocks, instead than by interrupting down a much larger get downing stuff and flinging most of it waste. Atom economic system is an of import development beyond the traditionally taught construct of percent output. Barry Trost, from Stanford University, published the construct of atom economic system in scientific discipline in 1991. In 1998 received the president green chemical science challenged award for his work. Atom economic system answers the basic inquiry, â€Å" how much of what you put into your pot terminal up in your merchandise † . Calculation of Atom Economy Chemical reactions in green chemistry- There are two types of reactions- Atom economic reactions. Atom un-economic reactions. In atom economic reactions there are another two type reactions Rearrangement reactions. Addition reactions. In atom un-economic reaction there are three type of reactions Substitution reaction. Elimination reaction. Witting reaction. Reducing toxicity- One of the underpinning rule of green chemical science is to plan chemical merchandise and procedure that usage and bring forth less risky stuffs. Here risky screen all facets, including toxicity, flammability, detonation potency, and environmental continuity. A jeopardy can be defined as state of affairs that may take to harm, whilst hazard is the chance that injury will happen. From the point of position injury being caused by exposure to the chemical. Hazard = Green analytical chemistry- The relationship between green chemical science and analytical chemical science can be treated in two ways. Analytic chemical science is a capable to command and warrant green chemical science. This is where analytical chemical science is an efficient tool for verification of the green consequence of a chemical merchandise or engineering. On the other manus, chemical analysis methods need dissolvers, reagents, and energy, and they generate waste. The rules of green chemical science, suggested by Anastas and Warner, are straight related to analytical chemical science every bit good, the most of import of them being bar of waste coevals ; safer dissolvers and aides ; design for energy efficiency ; and Safer chemical science to minimise the potency of chemical accidents. In this manner, analytical chemical science becomes an object of application of the rules of green Chemistry, and can be the mark of a green chemical science attack likewise to other countries of chemical science and chemical engineering. The term â€Å" green analytical chemical science † has been proposed by J. NamiesA?nik in that several facets of doing analytical chemical science greener were discussed. The development of instrumental methods to replace wet chemical science in sample readying and intervention is a general tendency in analytical chemical science. Here, the chief analytical consequence is related to an addition of analysis dependability, higher preciseness, and clip economy, which really positively combines with a significant decrease of waste. In most instances, the consequence of instrumental methods in analysis is a lessening in sample volume needed for analysis. Particular attempts to incorporate micro fluidics and processing in micro graduated table can well diminish the sample sum and attach toing coevals of waste. In some instances, there is a pick of direct techniques of analysis ( different laser-spectroscopic methods ) or solvent less procedures of analysis, which are green procedures. However, in most instances, the samples under survey are really complicated mixtures with interfering matrices non leting the usage of waste less method. The hunt for alternate dissolvers is an of import measure on the manner of utilizing greener methods. In This procedure, the chief mark should be non merely the replacing, but debut of an extra advantage from different belongingss of these dissolvers to better the selectivity, sensitiveness, and dependability of analysis, every bit good as cut down analysis clip. The development of instrumental methods in general leads to an efficient usage of energy, particularly when the method is extremely automated and uses a minimum sum of sample. The word division of several methods for sample intervention and separation of constituents or integrating of separation and complicated methods of sensing enables an efficient usage of energy. Additional energy economy is possible when a microwave intervention or even merely micro-cook warming is incorporated into the procedure. An supersonic irradiation may besides hold a strong consequence on several sample interventions. The development of photochemical methods is a extremely green manner in analytical chemical science every bit good. Most of the above-named processs besides result in safer chemical science. In many instances of sample readying and intervention, different chemical methods for derivatization and chemical alteration of samples are still used. The hunt for less toxic compounds and procedures with decreased waste coevals should be an purpose in the development of new methods. What can green chemical science make? Green chemical science is non a peculiar set of engineerings, but instead an accent on the designA of chemical merchandises and processes.A Sometimes, green chemical science takes topographic point at the molecular degree to cut down or extinguish the usage and coevals of risky substances. This attack offers environmentally good options to more risky chemicals and procedures, and therefore promotes pollution bar. Green chemical science can take to dramatic alterations in how we interact with chemicals on a day-to-day footing as in the instance of theA 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis. â€Å" The word metathesis means ‘change-places ‘ . In metathesis reactions, dual bonds are broken and made between C atoms in ways that cause atom groups to alter topographic points. This happens with the aid of particular accelerator molecules. Metathesis can be compared to a dance in which the twosomes change spouses. Metathesis is used daily in the chemical industry, chiefly in the development of pharmaceuticals and of advanced plastic stuffs. Thankss to the Laureates ‘ parts, synthesis methods have been developed that are more efficient ( fewer reaction stairss, fewer resources required, less wastage ) , simpler to utilize ( stable in air, at normal temperatures and force per unit areas ) , and Environmentally friendlier ( non-injurious dissolvers, less risky waste merchandises ) . This represents a great measure frontward for ‘green chemical science ‘ , cut downing potentially risky waste through smarter production. Metathesis is an illustration of how of import basic scientific discipline has been applied for the benefit of adult male, society and the environment. † The chief inquiry is that Why Green Chemistry? Green chemical science is effectual in cut downing the impact of chemicals on human wellness and the environment. In add-on, many companies have found that it can be cheaper and even profitable to run into environmental ends. Net incomes derive from higher efficiency, less waste, better merchandise quality, and decreased liability. Many environmental Torahs and ordinances target risky chemicals, and following all these demands can be complicated. But green chemical science allows companies to follow with the jurisprudence in much simpler and cheaper ways. Finally, green chemical science is a cardinal science-based attack. Addressing the job of jeopardy at the molecular degree, it can be applied to all sorts of environmental issues. Since 1991, there have been many progresss in green chemical science, in both academic research and industrial execution. For illustration, Spinosad, an insect powder manufactured by fermenting a of course happening dirt being, was registered by the EPA as a reduced-risk insect powder in 1997. Spinosad does non leach, bioaccumulation, volatilise, or persist in the environment and in field trials left 70 to 90 per centum of good insects unharmed. It has a comparatively low toxicity to mammals and birds and is somewhat to reasonably toxic to aquatic beings, but is toxic to bees until it dries. In another progress, an industrial cleansing dissolver, ethyl lactate, made from cornflour and soybean oil was patented in 2000 and is competitively priced with petrochemical dissolvers. It biodegrades to carbon dioxide and H2O and has no known harmful effects for the environment, worlds, or wildlife. These progresss, nevertheless, represent an highly little fraction of the possible applications of green chemical science. Because the merchandises and processes that form the footing of the economic system and substructure are based on the design and use of chemicals and stuffs, the challenges confronting this field are tremendous. What is the function of chemist in green chemical science? Chemist can utilize his cognition of green chemical science and its benefits to warrant research into ‘cleaner and greener ‘ procedure. In most instances it is readily incontrovertible that green chemical science attack affecting decrease of waste, stuff and energy, will besides take to be decreases and that this in bend will hold a positive consequence on profitableness. In academia enterprises such as the technology and physical scientific disciplines research council ( EPSRC ) Clean Technology Programme and the authorities ‘s sustainable engineering enterprise have already encouraged professionals to come in this country. Although many of the engineerings or tools required to do chemical fabrication more sustainable are available, and so industry already doing important advancement, much more can be achieved. In order to travel frontward chemist demand to understand, and get the better of the barrier s, both existent and perceived, that exist to innovation in this country. In some instances a civilization alteration may be required before the possible fiscal benefits are to the full appreciated. Professional chemist besides have a major function in assisting to promote all interested parties, including industry, clients, force per unit area groups, authorities, educationist and research workers, to co-operate to guarantee a cleaner and more sustainable hereafter. Graph of published articles in journals- Examples of green chemistry- Lead-free solders and other products- Breakthroughs in the replacing of lead include usage of new soldering stuffs, options to take additives in pigment and the development of cleaner batteries. Bioplastics – Plastics made from workss, including maize, murphies or other agricultural merchandises, even agricultural waste, are an of import illustration of green chemical science. Merchandises already available are forks, knives and spoons made from potato amylum and biodegradable packaging made from maize. Fire immune materials-Plastics that do non necessitate the usage of fire retardents are a solution to the job of toxic fire retardents. A combination of polylactic acid and kenaf-two agriculturally products-has already been developed for this intent. Halogen-free fire retardants- For merchandises that still require the usage of fire retardents, green chemical science can assist place new, less toxic options. For illustration, silicone based stuffs can be used. Biopesticides besides the good illustration of green chemistry- Biopesticides offer powerful tools to make a new coevals of sustainable agribusiness merchandises. They are the most likely beginning for options to some of the most debatable chemical pesticides presently in usage. Biopesticides besides offer solutions to concerns such as pest opposition to traditional chemical pesticides, public concern about side effects of pesticides on the environing environment and finally, on human wellness. Examples of Investigatory Projects in Green Chemistry- Effectss of Detergent Phosphates on Plant GrowthBecause phosphates from family detergents seep into groundwater, a fake consequence can be investigated utilizing a immature pea works and a solution of 90-percent H2O to 10-percentA laundry detergentA solution. Use two containers of pool H2O to imitate phosphate ‘s catalytic consequence on algae growing by adding detersive solution to one container intermittently and utilizing an unchanged container as a control. Record all observations qualitatively and quantitatively.Consequence of Pollution on BiodiversityUse several terrariums made from local beings, dirts and H2O to look into how pollution affects the sum of biodiversity in an ecosystem. Pollute terrariums by spraying diluted sulfuric acid into a terrarium to stand for acerb rain. Pollute another terrarium by carefully firing a birthday candle indoors daily to stand for smog. Leave one terrarium unpolluted to utilize as a control group. Record all observations qualitatively and quantitatively.Storm Water Geologically Filtered After a difficult rain, H2O hastes into local waterways transporting many pollutants. Contaminated H2O can be created by blending H2O with little objects and dark colored soil to stand for different types of pollution. Invent a system of filtration utilizing different sized grains of dirt to make state of affairss of altered porousnesss and permeableness. Record all effects on pollution filtration qualitatively and quantitatively. Future products- PVC free cablesA -will cut down the usage of both PVC and of lead, which is used as a stabilizer in PVC cabling. The Toxic Use Reduction Institute has been working on this new solder. New nonleaded soldersA with lower heat demands are being developed. Our new merchandise development will concentrate on: aˆ? Polymeric solutions, large molecules aˆ? Reactive merchandises that become edge to the concluding polymer aˆ? Non-toxic little molecules aˆ? Mineral merchandises aˆ? Minimizing the life rhythm of merchandises that remain in the environmentA aˆ? Improving recyclability aˆ? Implementing steps throughout the supply concatenation to minimise emanations of relentless compounds aˆ? Engaging distributers, clients and rivals in plans, such as VECAP, to extinguish all harmful merchandises from the environment aˆ? Continuing to rede consumers of the of import of sustainable merchandises. Some basic ways in which we go about green merchandise development – Choice of reagents with lowest toxicity Choice of accelerators that would supply highest reaction output, therefore minimising waste Choosing the right signifier of energy to maximise reaction efficiency Precise computations to foretell with merely two to three experiments how the reaction can be optimized, every bit good as the two or three preferred dissolvers for that reaction Designation of possible jeopardies before carry oning the reaction. Specific parametric quantities such as heat of the reaction are studied. Valuess of Green Chemistry in Innovation, Application and Technology: Indian Scenario- Green chemical science focuses on the decrease, recycling, and/or riddance of the usage of toxic and risky chemicals in production procedures by happening originative, alternate paths for doing the coveted merchandises that minimize the impact on the environment. Green chemical science is a more eco-friendly green option to conventional chemical science patterns. The green chemical science motion is portion of a larger motion finally taking to a green economy- viz. sustainable development, sustainable concern and sustainable life patterns. Green chemical science can lend to accomplishing sustainability in three cardinal countries. First, renewable energy engineerings will be the cardinal pillar of a sustainable high-technology civilisation. Second, the reagents used by the chemical industry. Third, fouling engineerings must be replaced by benign options. The purpose of the article is to introduce the academicians, research workers, scientists and applied scientists with values and po sitive impact of green Chemistry in invention, application and Technology. The green chemical science moving ridge has reached our state excessively. We need to work for its improvement by promoting the patterns of green chemical science. Collaborations between industrial and academic spouses are of import to hasten the transportation of important green merchandises to the market place. For such coactions to be successful, persons in these two otherwise motivated civilizations need to work together to progress green scientific discipline. Governments could doubtless ease formation of more effectual industrial/academic partnerships. Under an understanding with the Green Chemical Institute, University of Delhi has been accepted as an international chapter. The Indian chapter will advance green chemical science through instruction, information aggregation and airing, research and international coaction via conferences, workshops, meeting and symposia.A In India, although there is turning awareness about the sick effects of pollution, publicity of continual debut of environmentally friendly merchandises a methodological analysiss in the chemical industry needs to be furthered. Use of nonconventional engineerings is extremely popular in India. First in this list is the use of microwaves. Further, the microwave chemists are turning their attending toward microwave-assisted dry-media reactions in order to minimise solvent use, an added advantage to already established microwave chemical science. In add-on to microwave-assisted reactions, supersonic and photochemical reactions are besides used as nonconventional reaction engineering. Analytic chemical science has been at the centre of the green chemical science motion. Progresss in analytical chemical science are cardinal to environmental protection. In India, the focal point for analytical chemical science is chiefly on extraction engineerings such as solid stage, ultrasound and microw ave, supercritical fluid extraction, and automated soxhlet extraction. Monitoring and analysis of heavy metals and pesticides is really of import for an agro economy-based state like India and main governmental institutes like the Indian Agricultural Research Institute ( IARI ) and the Defense Research and Development Organization ( DRDO ) are working extensively in this field. Further removing of these elements from industrial and agrochemical use is of premier importance for these. Some recent developments and illustrations in green chemistry- Chemists from all over the universe are utilizing their originative and advanced accomplishments to develop new procedures, man-made methods, analytical tools, reaction conditions, accelerators, etc. under the new green chemical science screen. Some of these are. A uninterrupted procedure and setup converts waste biomass into industrial chemicals, fuels and carnal provender. Another procedure converts waste biomass such as municipal solid waste, sewerage sludge, plastic, tyres and agricultural residues to utile merchandises, including H, ethyl alcohol and acetic acid. A method for mass bring forthing taxol by semi uninterrupted civilization of Taxus genus works. A agitation method for the production of carboxylic acids. A method of partly oxidising intoxicant such as methyl alcohol to quintessences, aldehydes, esters or acids, by utilizing a supercritical fluid Mobile. A procedure for bring forthing a fluoropolymer by utilizing supercritical C dioxide. A cost-efficient method of bring forthing ethyl lactate, a non-toxic dissolver derived from maize. A scope of ‘organic dissolvers ‘ that are worker friendly and environmentally sound. A new environmentally friendly engineering in assorted metals recovery from exhausted acid wastes has been used to retrieve Zn and ferric chloride from pickle spirits. The demand for non-ionic wetting agents is turning and a new illustration of this is alkyl glycoside, which is made from carbohydrate. This merchandise can be used as a replacing for alkyl aryl sulphonate anionic wetting agents in shampoos. Sodium silicate can be used as a more environmentally benign replacing for phosphorus-containing additives in rinsing pulverization. Three coconut oil soap bases for liquid cleaning applications have been developed. One of these merchandises has really light colour and low olfactory property, doing it suited for presenting dyes and aromas. Feedstock recyclingA of plastic wastes into valuable chemicals utile as fuels or natural stuffs. Developing States and Green Chemistry- In developing states, the debut of green chemical science is still in a phase of babyhood, despite the important demand and the important function green chemical science can play. Many of the patterns in developing states are still far from the constructs of safety, pollution bar and design of energy efficiency. Environmental pollution and waste coevals are some of the hurting jobs many developing states are enduring from. Many of the grounds behind these jobs lie in policies and schemes adopted that are based on end-of pipe intervention, instead than pollution bar at beginning or implementing life rhythm believing in managing waste jobs. Most often, income coevals activities are dependent on an efficient usage of energy and other resources such as H2O, which may present some serious jobs to future coevalss. The United Nations coverage on the millenary development ends at a state degree indicated a high degree of energy ingestion and limited energy resources in most of the developing states. The study strongly recommends the imperative demand to ration the usage of energy resources in these states and to implement energy preservation policies. The same tendency of troubles developing states face has been illustrated in the series of state studies produced by the rural development at the H2O and environment section of the World Bank. Sustainable chemical science could play a polar function in salving many of the ailing conditions that many of the development states are subjected to. The usage of solar energy, debut of sustainable agriculture, recycling, and the execution of life rhythm thought and life rhythm analysis as a direction tool for some of the chronic issues such as municipal waste direction, are some few illustrations of how green chemical science can profit developing communities. Green chemical science can besides hold a really strong impact on H2O sufficiency issues in that portion of the development universe where H2O resources is the most critical issue. It is through the execution of cleaner production and usage of safe and biodegradable chemicals that a immense volume of effluent could be reused to slake the emerging, critical demand of H2O in many of these states. Government Initiatives- Government can make a batch of good for the cause of green chemical science by increasing public consciousness and by conveying and implementing rigorous environmental statute laws. One of the recent and controversial illustrations of authorities enterprise is the transition of Diesel vehicles to tight natural gas ( CNG ) in order to cut down pollution. Relocation of industries into industrial countries off from residential Parks is another bold measure taken by the Delhi authorities. Further, the authorities is besides concentrating on new undertakings such as fuel pellets from municipal waste, aspirated H-cylinder engines for light commercial vehicles ( LCVs ) , run intoing India 2000 emanation norms, battery-powered autos for pollution-free drive, H energy and energy towers for new environment-friendly fuel, development of traditional herbal drugs as adapt gens a immunomodulators. The authorities should besides increase support to promote research in green chemical science. By pre senting green chemical science instruction at all degrees, the authorities can construct a solid foundation toward green chemical science in India.

Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy (1828 †1910)

Type of Work: Tragic love storySetting Moscow and St. Petersburg, Russia; nineteenth century Plagiarism Detection >Principal Characters Robert Jordan, an American fighting with Spanish Loyalists Anna Karenina, a beautiful young woman Alexey, her cold, vindictive husband Count Vronsky, a young military officer who falls in love with Anna Stepan Oblonsky, Annas spendthrift brother Dolly, Stepans frustrated wife Kitty, Dollys sister Levin, Stepans rusticc friend, and Kittys suitorStory Overveiw Stepan Oblonskys wife Dolly had discovered that her husband was having an affair. With her beauty fading and her household a wreck, she had had enough. Stepan fretfully wrote to his sister, Anna Karenina, asking her to come to Moscow and convince Dolly not to leave him.Later, while working at his job in the entrenched Moscow bureaucracy, Stepan received an unexpected visitor: Levin, an old friend from the university, came to discuss Dollys sister Kitty, whom he wanted to marry. After being inform ed by Stepan that he had a rival for Kittys affections, a certain Count Vronskv of St. Petersburg, Levin resolved that he would propose to Kitty that very night.At that same moment, Anna and Count Vronsky were riding together in a train bound for Moscow. Vronsky noticed the charming woman as he made his way to the first-class compartment that he shared with his mother. He had time to take note of the suppressed eagerness which played over her face as their eyes met, and she remained in his mind. However, upon reaching their destination, the two went their separate ways Anna to her brothers home, Vronsky and his mother to a hotel.Approached by Anna, Dolly at first refused to discuss her husbands infidelity. Everythings lost after what has happened, evervthinqs over! she raged. But finally she relented to Annas plea to keep the family together.Meanwhile, Levin had arrived early at a dinner party hosted by the parents of Kitty and Dolly, determined to make his desires known to Kitty b efore the appearance of the rich and handsome Count. But That cannot be forgive me, Kitty replied upon hearing his stammering proposal. Crushed by the rejection, Levin escaped from the gathering at the first opportunity.A few days later, at her coming-out ball, Kitty couldnt help but notice how Anna and Vronsky kept gazing at each other. Vronskys face had a look that puzzled her . . . like the expression of an intelligent dog when it had done wrong. It was clear to Kitty that the two were in love.Nevertheless, with her task of seeing to Stepan and Dolly completed, Anna boarded the next train for St. Petersburg. She thought of her son, Seryozha, and her husband, Alexey.. Mv life will go on in the old way, all nice and as usual she thought. But she found that she could not easily dismiss Count Vronsky from her mind. And stepping along the way, as Anna stepped out for a breath of air, there he was. You know that I have come to be where you are; I cant help it, confessed the officer. Anna was both delighted and flattered by this, but it was simply unthinkable that anything could come of his attraction to her. After all, she was a married woman.Back in Moscow, Kitty was devastated. Not only had Count Vronsky spurned her, but Levin had also left the city to supervise work on his country estate. Humiliated and distraught, Kitty became so ill with despair that she was soon unable to eat or sleep. Her frantic parents, after finding no restorative medical treatment in Moscow, sent her to Europe to consult various doctors.Meanwhile, life for Anna in St. Petersburg remained strangely unsettled. The happiness that in Moscow had fairly flashed from her eyes, [now seemed] hidden somewhere far away. To her further disquiet, the love-struck Vronsky took every opportunity to see her. One night she knelt and begged him to leave her in peace; but still he persisted: I cant think of you and myself apart. You and I are one to me. And at that moment Anna let her eyes rest on him, full of love.Soon afterward, Alexey Karenina walked into a party and found his wife with Vronsky; but Anna denied any impropriety. Still, she and Vronsky met night after night, with Alexey seemingly powerless or unwilling to stop them. Anna by now felt so sinful, so guilty; but still she could not curb her passion for the Count.The following summer, while staving at her husbands villa outside the city, Anna confronted her lover with an announcement: she was pregnant. Though he understood the gravity of Annas position, Vronsky smiled. This was the turning point he had been longing for.Leave your husband and make our life one, he implored. But Anna shook her head. If she left, Alexey would take sole custody of Seryozha and she would not be allowed to see her son. But Anna did promise Vronsky that she would tell her husband the truth about the child she was carrying.When Anna made her confession, Alexey, instead of showing jealousy or indignation, merely warned his wife against public displays of flirtation. His sole concern was to preserve his social and business reputation; a duel or a divorce would only serve to disgrace him. The family cannot be broken up by a whim, a caprice, or even by the sin of one of the partners in the marriage, he informed Anna Our life must go on as it has done in the past.Anna reacted to his words at first with guilt and shame, but this quickly turned to anger: He knows that I cant repent that I breathe, that I love; he knows that it can lead to nothing but lying and deceit- but he wants to go on torturing me . . . Vronsky also was increasingly anxious to begin a new life with Anna, who would not leave her son. And so, the position was one of misery for all three Kitty had by now returned to Moscow, feeling somewhat better. One morning, just after dawn, Levin caught sight of her in a carriage, as it skirted his estate destined for her familys summer home. The pangs of love, long since buried, welled up in him once more. Months late r, taking advantage of a trip to the city, he called again upon Kitty. It was apparent to both that they cared deeply for each other, and, after a proper courtship, they were united as man and wife. Levin, for years caught up in trying to find out who he was and where he fit in Gods universe, had finally and happily found his place.But in St. Petersburg, relationships were breaking up. The nearer Anna came to the birth of her child, the more demanding and cold Alexey became. Then Anna survived a deadly fever to give birth to a baby girl. Oddly, the difficulty of the birth eased the tensions between herself and her husband. At the other extreme, Vronsky saw no end to the barriers separating him from his lover. Desperate at the prospect of living without Anna, he unsuccessfully tried shooting himself. Still torn, Anna finally did move in with him, and soon the couple left Russia to live in Italy for a time.Meanwhile, Kitty and Levin were living on their estate outside of Moscow. Levin felt gratified to be spiritually sustained by a loving wife. Like Anna, Kitty went through a difficult pregnancy, but it culminated in the birth of a fine little boy. Theirs was an idyllic life.Upon returning from Italy to St. Petersburg, Vronsky and Anna, found themselves ostracized. Gossip followed them everywhere. The couple argued frequently, and Anna, in a burst of depression, finally accused Vronsky of being unfaithful. Even after they moved into a newly-inherited estate, Anna felt alone in the world. She revived her habit of taking a little morphine to help her sleep, a legacy from her pregnancy.Summer turned to winter, and the family relocated again, this time to Moscow. There, the badly strained relationship fared no better. Though Anna pled for Vronsky to love her and give her security, at the same time she increasingly insisted on greater freedom. This is becoming unbearable! Vronsky screamed one day. Why do you try my patience? It has limits. Anna could only gaze at him with terror at the undisguised hatred in his whole face. Vronsky checked himself: I mean to say I must ask what it is you want of me? All I want, she replied, is that you dont desert me, as you think of doing . I want love, and there is none. .. Vronsky vainly protested; he would never cease to love her.Suddenly, Anna turned on Vronsky, cursing him for the sacrifices she had made to be with him her marriage, her son, her social position Delirious with bitterness, Anna had no place to turn; Vronsky, she was convinced, had found another, and she could never return to Alexey. Ambling into the train station, she purchased a ticket. Then, standing on the platform, watching the trains, she said to herself.. I will punish him and escape from everyone and from myself.Measuring both the speed of the oncoming train and her resolve to end her suffering, she jumped. Something huge and merciless struck her on the head and rolled on her back. Lord, forgive me all!Anna Karenina was dead.Comme ntary Leo Tolstoy is considered one of Russias greatest nineteenth-century novelists, an honor he shares with Dostoievsky. Tolstoy, however, focuses his novels on the vicissitudes of the upper-classes rather than on Dostoievskys underprivileged peasants or criminals. Plagiarism Detection >Tolstoy foresaw the end of the aristocracy in Russian society. Serfs had already been set free; the working class was beginning to expand in power. Moreover, new mores and morals were being imported from the West, and societys upper crust was the first to feel the strain of these changes a strain running an undercurrent throughout Anna Karenina.The novel reads like a soap opera, with the exhaustive cast of characters continually creating their own problems. Contrast Annas tragic quest for love and personal fulfillment with the spiritual odyssey of Levin. Through hard work and the support of an understanding family, his search is rewarded by happiness. Thus, Tolstoys gripping masterpiece revolves a round the dissimilar paths of these two characters, allowing a forum for the authors commentary on Russias maze-like social system, fraught with unresolved incongruities.

Gold Coast Tafe marketing and survey research Case Study

Gold Coast Tafe marketing and survey research - Case Study Example They possess the ability to make determinate relationship s between various constructs, they are easy to use, and have no researcher bias. The technique allows for precise definitions of concepts and relationships relating these concepts. This technique is also best used when those in participation have experience with the domain being studied (Fransella & Richard, 2012). For instance, they should identify representative elements and have the ability to compare them using a set of criteria. Performing a grid analysis with education experts on the value of an academic brand can be achieved through professionals and researchers who are familiar with current and recent advances in the education sector (Jankowicz, 2009). Repertory grids are best used when practical and concrete examples are available. For example, financial tools that study the current trends of education institutions in the same region as GCIT and regions that they want to expand to; this could be used to determine the value of the brand. To decipher this, there are certain procedures used in repertory grid analysis. The first is element elicitation where the researcher has to select elements that represent the topic. For instance, to analyze the value of a brand, the elements would include similar brands. For various types of knowledge elicitation interviews, cards are utilized with element names shown to participants. The second step is constructing elicitation where the researcher will perform knowledge elicitation using personal constructs from the elements (Peio, 2012). To understand the way in which the individual perceives the elements, the researcher elicits scalar constructs, for instance, using the triadic method where interviewed individuals compare various subjects and states how...This is important because the group should not have conflicts on the issue that is under discussion. In these discussions, future educational course trends and present trends are collected. To conduct focus group research, the candidates are screened to determine the composition of the specific group. The researcher will also avoid groups that have relatives and friends among them to avoid discussion bias. A key factor in focus groups is to have groups that are similar with six to eight groups being desirable. The criteria that will guide the researcher are whether the latter groups generate any additional information (Puchta & Potter, 2009). The moderator has a key role to ensure that the discussion proceeds in the right direction. In marketing, focus groups are essential tools for getting feedback with regards to launching a new product, for instance launching GCIT to a national and international market (Stewart et al, 2011). These focus groups will allow GCIT as they seek to develop and test a new market, to view, discuss, and test their brand before they make it available to these markets. This will give valuable information concerning the acceptance of the potential market for the institution’s products.

Health, Promoting Good Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Health, Promoting Good Practice - Essay Example She is currently on an acute mixed ward for older people; this is her 3rd day of hospital stay. Mrs Marie Brown lives alone in her own 4 bedroom detached house in the suburbs of the city. Her husband died 4 months ago from cancer. She had been married 58 years. She has one daughter who lives nearby called Claire. She works full time, but helps with shopping and housework(1). Mrs Brown keeps a large amount of cash in the house to pay bills rather than use the bank. Marie's nationality is French and English is not her first language. Marie has exhibited signs of short term memory problems since the death of her husband and has recently started to revert to her mother tongue of French. Mrs Marie Brown has osteoporosis and chronic obstructive airways disease. She uses a nebuliser 3 times a day to assist her breathing. She becomes short of breath on exertion. (Becomes short of breath when she moves around). Prior to admission Mrs Marie Brown could shuffle a short distance of 5-6 steps, whilst using her zimmer frame. She sleeps in one of her downstairs rooms, with a commode next to the bed and her armchair is within easy reach. At present she is unable to stand by herself and requires assistance of one person for toileting and personal care. A home carer attends twice a day, to assist with a.m. getting up, washed and dressed and making breakfast. They also attend in the evening to assist Mrs Brown to get undressed and into bed. The home carers hold keys to the house. Professionals Involved prior to admission A social worker (SW) for older people, from social services (SS) has assessed Mrs Brown following the death of her husband. The SW has arranged for the care package (Home Care and Meals on Wheels) to be in place. An Occupational Therapist, (Also from SS) has assessed Mrs Brown and has recommended and arranged for a commode, zimmer frame and bed and chair to be raised. The patient chosen for the purpose of this essay will be referred to as Mrs. Marie Brown. Mrs. Marie Brown is 78 year old women who suffer with rheumatoid arthritis. This also resulted in Brown having bilateral hip replacements. Brown is on steroid treatment, which leads to thinning of the skin and susceptibility to trauma (Mallet and Dougherty 2001). Brown lives with her husband and two grown up sons. Brown was refereed to the district nurse on her discharge from hospital following her second hip replacement. The initial referral was to check the surgical wound. However on arrival it was pointed out by Brown that she had a skin tear on her left shin that wasn't healing. The district nurse performed an assessment and concluded the wound was a venous leg ulcer as it had been present for 6 weeks. The district nurses used Sorbisan and Telfa to dress the wound. Twice weekly visits were carried out to Joe for a further 4 weeks, and it became obvious that the ulcer was not improving. The d istrict nurse had to make a decision on what care to provide. The decision was to try another dressing Aticoat which is impregnated with silver, and not to refer the

Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of learning Essay

Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of learning principles that sustain and maintain it.DISCUSS this statement - Essay Example In the wider perspective, maladaptive behaviour has been discussed from different viewpoints such as biological, psychological, and socio-cultural perspectives, and these viewpoints stress the significance of causal factors of this behaviour. Significantly, the Freudian psychoanalytic theory is the oldest psychological point of view about maladaptive behaviour and it was, for a long time, preoccupied with principles regarding libidinal energies and their suppression. Later on, the behaviourist theorists also came with their viewpoints about maladaptive behaviour and they formulated several principles to explain this characteristic in human beings. â€Å"The behavioural perspective focuses on the role of learning in human behaviour and attributes maladaptive behaviour either to failure to learn appropriate behaviour or to the learning of maladaptive behaviours. Adherents of the behavioural viewpoint attempt to alter maladaptive behaviour by extinguishing it and/or providing training in new, more adaptive behaviours.† (Carson, Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley, 2000, P. 105). Therefore, it is fundamental to comprehend that maladaptive behaviour is explained by different psychological schools in different ways. For example, Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of learning principles that sustain and maintain it. This paper makes a reflective exploration of the behaviourist principles concerning maladaptive behaviour in order to maintain that the behaviourist’s approach therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic (Freudian) approach. PART ONE: Behaviourist Principles and Maladaptive Behaviour The behaviourist approach to abnormality deals with maladaptive behaviour and its basic causes. According to this approach, the maladaptive forms of behaviour that have been learnt by an individual are the basic causes of mental disorders. In other words, the behaviourist viewpoint of abnormality maintains that the learning process in human behavio ur plays a significant role in the acquisition of maladaptive behaviour. The Behaviourists argue that mental disorders are due to â€Å"a complex of learned, inappropriate behaviours, or the absence of appropriate behaviour sequences. In the first instance, behaviour is termed ‘maladaptive’†¦ Further, the rules of acquisition of maladaptive behaviour are no different than the rules of acquisition of adaptive sequences.† (Medcof, Emslie, Roth, 1979, P. 264). In their provocative explanation of abnormal behaviour, the behaviourists emphasizes on how a particular maladaptive sequence is learned, because they believe that the maladaptive behaviour can be removed only by comprehending the specific conditions underlying the behaviour. Thus, the behaviourist approach makes use of the learning theory which incorporates the theories of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In a reflective exploration of the behavioural model of abnormality, it becomes luci d that this psychological theory emphasizes the role of learning in the acquisition of maladaptive behaviour. In other words, the behaviourists maintain that the human actions are determined mainly by the life experiences of the individuals, and the role of the unconscious forces or the underlying forces is largely limited. According to the behavioural

Discussion 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion 9 - Essay Example Aside from time, I think that the type of problem being addressed by the decision-making process is also determinative. When the problem addressed is broad and involves several units in the organizational structure, or when the problem involves profound policy formulation and implementation that will be applied in the long term, then decision-making is preferable. The resultant decision shall be implemented by a large part of the organization, therefore: (1) the feedback concerning possible repercussions in their respective areas must be considered; and (2) their cooperation must be engendered to make the long-term adjustments among and between the units successful. An example of this is the merging of a new acquisition into the existing structure of the surviving organization. On the other hand, if the decision is constrained by the circumstances such that negotiations among the units cannot be accommodated, or if the problem addressed is localized or requires moderate adjustments, then command decisions are best. An example is the order by the parent firm for a subsidiary to implement a global marketing strategy. Reference: Mezey, G (2004) Crisis management decision making. Atlantic Association for Research in the Mathematical Sciences (AARMS), 3(2): 267-288 2. Consider your work environment and responsibilities.   How do you avoid the problem of "bounded awareness" in the decisions you make at work? Bounded awareness is defined by Chugh and Bazerman (2004) as ‘an individual’s failure to â€Å"see† and use accessible and perceivable information while â€Å"seeing† and using other equally accessible and perceivable information’ (p. 2). Some people would call this ‘tunnel vision’ in the figurative sense, in so far as the person focuses on certain details or elements to the exclusion of other equally important, or even more important aspects. A person may be predisposed to looking only at select details for many r easons, such as a mental fixation or mindset, prejudicial presumptions, or lack of education or training in recognizing or appreciating what is important in a certain situation. In my own work environment, there is a tendency for medical representatives like myself to be fixated on our own particular product line-up, regular clientele, or the service area we are assigned to that we do not see how a specific decision or regulation could affect other product offerings, other clients, and other service areas. A new supervisor promoted from one of the subordinate units is often seen to exhibit a keen understanding of the circumstances of the unit he/she came from but a lack of understanding concerning other units now under his leadership. The best way one may avoid bounded awareness is of course forming a decision or advisory team to discuss and analyze the various facets of a problem and arrive at alternative recommendations before the final decision is made. There are many considerati ons that may not be apparent to an individual decision-maker because his attention is circumscribed by the aspects of management he/she is experienced in. In due time and with practice, bounded awareness may be addressed by developing a wider perspective of the

Whistle blowing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Whistle blowing - Essay Example Taylor). Whistle blowing is seen as a breach of organizational loyalty and amounts to disclosure of information. It also amounts to pressure tactics by the employees as seen by some theorists. It is basically a conflict between the organization and the society. What kind of whistle blowing is the society and organization looking or hoping for? What is its place in the society? What are the meaning and justifications of the whistle blowing policies? Does whistle blowing resolve the conflict between the organization and the society? Why has whistle blowing been legitimized? Whistle blowing involves three categories of people - the individual, the organization and the society. Whistle blowing is done by an individual against an organization for the protection of the society. Whistle blowing policies are set of procedures and norms aimed at those individuals who disclose information about the organizational malpractices of the organization with which they are attached. Whistle blowers are given protection against dismissal, demotion or retaliation. If retaliation takes place by the organization, they are even provided compensation packages. Whistle blowing has perhaps always existed without this terminology but laws were passed to protect the courageous blowers. Kaplan & Kleiner (2000) emphasize whistle blowing occurs when employee and management relationship lacks professionalism. Issues, which can be handled as a part of the daily routine, remain neglected. When it develops into a significant situation, employees may bring it to the notice of the seniors, there by being named as whistle blowers. The practice of whistle blowing is necessary for professional organizations to maintain professional ethics and protect the public. Whistle blowing can be both good and bad for the society. William De Maria (2005) comments that whistle blowing can be a

The Fellowship of the Ring. The book vs movie Essay

The Fellowship of the Ring. The book vs movie - Essay Example This study is concerned not so much with minor changes that were done for the sake of time constraints – for example, the fact that the hobbits had a long journey by river before they reached Bree – but rather with more thematic and seemingly unnecessary changes that seem to veer away from the spirit of the book. The depiction of the fight at Weathertop between Aragorn and the hobbits and the Nazgul is one of the sequences where the portrayal of the characters of the hobbits – especially Merry and Pippin – seems to represent them in a different light than did Tolkien. In the book, Aragorn himself starts the fire at the mountaintop. In the movie, however, Merry, Pippin and Sam foolishly start the fire because they are hungry and want to fry some tomatoes and bacon: Pippin: Can I have some meat? Merry: Okay. Want some tomatoes, Sam? Great tomatoes! Frodo: (Waking up from sleep) What are you doing? Merry: Tomatoes, sausages, nice crispy bacon. Sam: We saved some for you, Mr. Frodo. Frodo: Put it out, you fools! Put it out! (Begins stamping out the fire) Pippin: Oh that’s nice! Ash on my tomatoes! This is not the first attempt to portray Merry, Pippin and Sam as the comic relief in the movie. In earlier scenes such as the one where Pippin wants a ‘second breakfast’ but Aragorn will have none of it, the mood is at least light-hearted. In the Weathertop scene, the audience is made to believe that Merry and Pippin are gluttonous, reckless hobbits who neither know nor care about the importance of the mission they are on. Their stupidity is directly responsible for Frodo’s being stabbed by the Mordor blade carried by one of the Nazgul. This scene also highlights the nature of Frodo’s experience with the ring. ... e Nazgul is one of the sequences where the portrayal of the characters of the hobbits - especially Merry and Pippin - seems to represent them in a different light than did Tolkien. In the book, Aragorn himself starts the fire at the mountaintop. In the movie, however, Merry, Pippin and Sam foolishly start the fire because they are hungry and want to fry some tomatoes and bacon: Pippin: Can I have some meat Merry: Okay. Want some tomatoes, Sam Great tomatoes! Frodo: (Waking up from sleep) What are you doing Merry: Tomatoes, sausages, nice crispy bacon. Sam: We saved some for you, Mr. Frodo. Frodo: Put it out, you fools! Put it out! (Begins stamping out the fire) Pippin: Oh that's nice! Ash on my tomatoes! This is not the first attempt to portray Merry, Pippin and Sam as the comic relief in the movie. In earlier scenes such as the one where Pippin wants a 'second breakfast' but Aragorn will have none of it, the mood is at least light-hearted. In the Weathertop scene, the audience is made to believe that Merry and Pippin are gluttonous, reckless hobbits who neither know nor care about the importance of the mission they are on. Their stupidity is directly responsible for Frodo's being stabbed by the Mordor blade carried by one of the Nazgul. This scene also highlights the nature of Frodo's experience with the ring. As in the Prancing Pony when he puts on the ring accidentally, Frodo is shown by Jackson to experience visions of Sauron's eye, which is nowhere in the book. The changes that Frodo goes through are psychological rather than literal in Tolkien's book. In the book, Frodo just turns invisible, as Bilbo used to, when he puts the ring on. While this may be attributed to the director's need to visually depict the trauma that Frodo goes through because of the

Measuring Respect Essay Example for Free

Measuring Respect Essay Campbell-Ewald, an award winning integrated communications agency, noticed that their customer relationship management (CRM) solutions were not meeting the expectations that they should. In order to gain an understanding of how respect influences customer loyalty and purchasing, they team up with a research company, Synovate and developed three different surveys. The surveys consisted of 27 to 29 attitudinal statements that customer use a 5-point scale to rate. They statements were designed to measure how the customers defined respect and how important respect was in determining a purchase. They selected more than 5,000 customers from each business sectors: insurance, automotive, and retail, and mailed them the survey to complete. The customers they selected to survey were adults at least 18 years of age (Cooper Schindler, 2011). Once they had received the completed surveys they analyzed the results. They then used the results to validate the relevance of its five â€Å"People Principles†. The five â€Å"People Principles† were: ? Appreciate me ?Intentions don’t matter; actions do ?Listen; then you’ll know what I said. ?It’s about me, not about you. ?Admit it- you goofed! These five â€Å"People Principles† have helped companies like General Motors, Continental Airlines, and Farmers Insurance incorporate respectful behaviors into their business operations (Cooper Schindler, 2011). When Campbell-Ewald and Synovate developed the surveys they knew that they needed to address respect from all areas such as how a customer ranks respect to loyalty, respect to purchases, respect to continue purchases, and respect to referrals. By gaining a complete overview on how a customer reviews respect then they could develop the five â€Å"People Principles† that their clients could use to improve customer service, increase revenue, gain a competitive advantage, and build a thriving business. Campbell-Ewald knew that their research, findings, and developments would be what would make them successful. By using the numerical scale survey they were placing the same standards on all statements, which make the evaluation process easier. When conducting a survey, the more customers you select to survey will increase the number of responses that a research company will receive back. It is not likely that all 5000 customers responded but I am sure well over 50 percent responded, which gave them a diverse poll of responses. Whereas, if they had chose to survey only 100 customers then they may have received only 30 responses, which is not enough when conducting such research. Using the numerical scale makes tally and measuring the result easier, which will make the comparison easier. Also, by using the numerical scale a research firm eliminates the opportunity for researchers to be swayed by a person comments or opinions, a person either agrees or does not agree with no explanation.

The Assessment Process Of Patients In Intensive Care

The Assessment Process Of Patients In Intensive Care This essay will present a reflective account of communication skills in practice whist undertaking assessment and history taking of two Intensive Care patients with a similar condition. It will endeavour to explore all aspects of non verbal and verbal communication styles and reflect upon these areas using Gibbs reflective cycle (1988). Scenario A Mrs James, 34, a passenger in a road traffic collision who was not wearing a seatbelt was thrown through the windscreen resulting in multiple facial wounds with extensive facial swelling which required her to be intubated and sedated. She currently has cervical spine immobilisation and is awaiting a secondary trauma CT. Mr James was also involved in the accident. Scenario B Mr James, 37, husband of Mrs James, the driver of the car, was wearing his seat belt. He had minor superficial facial wounds, fractured ribs and a fractured right arm. He is alert and orientated but currently breathless and requiring high oxygen concentrations. Patients who are admitted to Intensive Care are typically admitted due to serious ill health or trauma that may also have a potential to develop life threatening complications (Udwadia, 2005). These patients are usually unconscious, have limited movement and have sensation deprivation due to sedation and/or disease processes. These critical conditions rely upon modern technical support and invasive procedures for the purpose of monitoring and regulation of physiological functions. Having the ability to effectively communicate with patients, colleagues and their close relatives is a fundamental clinical skill in Intensive Care and central to a skilful nursing practice. Communication in Intensive Care is therefore of high importance to provide information and support to the critically ill patient in order to reduce their anxieties and stresses. Effective communication is the key to the collection of patient information, delivering quality of care and ensuring patient safety. Gaining a patients history is one of the most important skills in medicine and is a foundation for both the diagnosis and patient clinician relationship, and is increasingly being undertaken by nurses (Crumbie, 2006). Commonly a patient may be critically ill and therefore the ability to perform a timely assessment whilst being prepared to administer life saving treatment is crucial. Often the patient is transferred from a ward or department within the hospital where a comprehensive history has been taken with documentation of a full examination; investigations, working diagnosis and the appropriate treatment taken. However, the patients history may not have been collected on this admission if it was not appropriate to do so. Where available patients medical notes can provide essential information. In relation to the scenarios where the patient is breathless or the patient had a reduced conscious level and requires sedation and intubation, effective communication is restricted and obtaining a comprehensive history would be inappropriate and almost certainly unsafe. The Nursing Midwifery Council promotes the importance of keeping clear and accurate records within the Code: Standards of Conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives (NMC, 2008). Therefore if taking a patients history is unsafe to do so, this required to be documented. Breathing is a fundamental life process that usually occurs without conscious thought and, for the healthy person is taken for granted (Booker, 2004). In Scenario A, Mrs Jamess arrived on Intensive care and was intubated following her facial wounds and localised swelling. Facial trauma by its self is not a life threatening injury, although it has often been accompanied with other injuries such as traumatic brain injury and complications such as airway obstruction. This may have been caused by further swelling, bleeding or bone structure damage (Parks, 2003). Without an artificial airway and ventilatory support Mrs James would have struggled to breathe adequately and the potential to become in respiratory arrest. Within scenario B, Mr James had suffered multiple rib fractures causing difficulty in expansion of his lungs. Fractured ribs are amongst the most frequent of injuries sustained to the chest, accounting for over half of the thoracic injuries from non-penetrating trauma (Middle ton, 2003). When ribs are fractured due to the nature and site of the injury there is potential for underlying organ contusions and damage. The consequence of having a flail chest is pain. Painful expansion of the chest would result in inadequate ventilation of the lungs resulting in hypoxia and retention of secretions and the inability to communicate effectively. These combined increase the risk of the patient developing a chest infection and possible respiratory failure and potential to require intubation (Middleton, 2003). The key issue of Intensive Care is to provide patients and relatives with effective communication at all times to ensure that a holistic nursing approach is achieved. Intensive care nurses care for patients predominantly with respiratory failure and over the years have taken on an extended role. They are expected to examine a patient and interpret their findings and results (Booker, 2004). In these situations patient requires supportive treatments as soon as possible. Intensive Care nurse should have the ability and competence to carry out a physical assessment and collect the patients history in a systemic, professional and sensitive approach. Effective communication skills are one of the many essential skills involved in this role. As an Intensive Care nurse, introducing yourself to the patient as soon as possible would be the first step in the history and assessment taking process (Outlined in Appendix A). Whilst introducing yourself there is also the aim to gaining consent for the assessment where possible, in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Councils Code of Professional Conduct (NMC, 2008). Conducting a comprehensive clinical history is usually more helpful in making a provisional diagnosis than the physical examination (Ford, 2005). Within Intensive Care the Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure/Examination (ABCDE) assessment process is widely used. It is essential for survival that the oxygen is delivered to blood cells and the oxygen cannot reach the lungs without a patent airway. With poor circulation, oxygen does not get transported away from the lungs to the cells (Carr, 2005). The ABCDE approach is a simple approach that all team members use and allows for rapid assessment, co ntinuity of care and the reduction of errors. Communication reflects our social world and helps us to construct it (Weinmann Giles et al 1988). Communication of information, messages, opinions, speech and thoughts are transferred by different forms. Basic communication is achieved by speaking, sign language, body language touch and eye contact, as technology has developed communication has been achieved by media, such as emails, telephone and mobile technology (Aarti, 2010). There are two main ways of communication: Verbal and non verbal. Verbal communication is the simplest and quickest way of transferring information and interacting when face to face. It is usually a two way process where a message is sent, understood and feedback is given (Leigh, 2001). When effective communication is given, what the sender encodes is what the receiver decodes (Zastrow, 2001). Key verbal features of communication are made up of sounds, words, and language. Mr James was alert and orientated and had some ability to communicate; he was breathless due to painful fractured ribs which hindered his verbal communication. In order to help him to breath and communicate effectively, his pain must be controlled. Breathless patients may be only able to speak two or more words at a time, inhibiting conversation. The use of closed questions can allow breathless patients to communicate without exerting themselves. Closed questions such as is it painful when you breathe in? or is your breathing feeling worse? can be answered with non verbal communi cation such as a shake or nod of the head. Taking a patients history in this way can be time consuming and it is essential that the clinician do not make assumptions on behalf of the patient. Alternatively, encouraging patients to use other forms of communication can aid the process. Non verbal communication involves physical aspects such as written or visual of communication. Sign language and symbols are also included in non-verbal communication. Non verbal communication can be considered as gestures, body language, writing, drawing, physiological cues, using communication devices, mouthing words, head nods, and touch (Happ et al, 2000). Body language, posture and physical contact is a form of non verbal communication. Body language can convey vast amounts of information. Slouched posture, or folded arms and crossed legs can portray negative signals. Facial gestures and expressions and eye contact are all different cues of communication. Although Mr. James could verbally communica te, being short of breath and in pain meant that he also needed to use both verbal and non verbal communication styles. A patients stay in Intensive Care can vary from days to months. Although this is a temporary situation and many patients will make a good recovery, the psychological impact may be longer lasting (MacAuley, 2010). When caring for the patient who may be unconscious or sedated and does not appear to be awake, according to Sisson (1990) hearing may be one of the last senses to fade when they become unconscious. Sedation is used in Intensive Care Units to enable patients to be tolerable of ventilation. It aims to allow comfort and synchrony between the patient and ventilator. Poor sedation can lead to ventilator asynchrony, patient stress and anxiety, and an increased risk of self extubation and hypoxia. (Ramsey et all, 2000). Over sedation can lead to ventilator associated pneumonias, cardiac instability and prolonged ventilation and Intensive Care delirium. Delirium is found to be a predictor of death in Intensive Care patients (Page, 2008). Every day a patient spends in delirium has be en associated with a 20% increase risk of intensive care bed days and a 10% increased risk of morbidity. The single most profound risk factor for delirium in Intensive Care is sedation. Within this stage of sedation or delirium it is impossible to know what the patients have heard, understood or precessed. Ashworth (1980) recognised that nurses often failed to communicate with unconscious patients on the basis that they were unable to respond. Although, research (Lawrence, 1995) indicates that patients who are unconscious could hear and understand conversations around them and respond emotionally to verbal communication however could not respond physically. This emphasises the importance and the need for communication remains (Leigh, 2001). Neurological status would unavoidably have an effect on Mrs Jamess capacity to communicate in a usual way. It is therefore important to provide Mrs James with all information necessary to reduce her stress and anxieties via the different forms of communication. For the unconscious patient, both verbal communication and non verbal communication are of importance, verbal communication and touch being the most appropriate. There are two forms of touch (Aarti, 2010), firstly a task orientated touch when a patient is being moved, washed or having a dressing changed and secondly a caring touch holding Mrs James hand to explain where she was and why she was there is an example of this. This would enhance communication when informing and reassuring Mrs James that her husband was alive and doing well. Nurses may initially find the process of talking to an unconscious patient embarrassing, pointless or of low importance as it is a one way conversation (Ashworth, 1980) however as previously mentioned researched shows patients have the ability to hear. Barriers to communication may be caused by physical inabilities from the patients however there are many types of other communication barriers. A barrier of communication is where ther e is a breakdown in the communication process. This could happen if the message was not encoded or decoded as it should have been. If a patient is under sedation, delirious or hard of hearing verbal communication could be misinterpreted. However there could also be barriers in the transfer of communication process (Kirby, 1997). The Intensive Care environment in itself can cause communication barriers. Intensive Care can be noisy environment with monitor and ventilator alarms and general movement of patients and staff, ensuring effective communication with explanations of the alarms at all times can alleviate any anxieties the patient and relatives may have. Other barriers can simply include language barriers, fatigue, stress, distractions and jargon. Communication aids can promote effective communication between patient and clinician. Pen and paper is the simplest form of non verbal communication for those with adequate strength. Weakness of patients can affect the movement of hand s and arms making gestures and handwriting frustration and difficult. Patients may also be attached to monitors and infusions resulting in restricted movements which can lead to patients feeling trapped and disturbed (Ashworth, 1980). MacAulay (2010) mentions that Intensive Care nurses are highly skilled at anticipating the communication needs of patients who are trying to communicate but find the interpretation of their communication time consuming and difficult. The University of Dundee (ICU-Talk, 2010) conducted a three year multi disciplinary study research project to develop and evaluate a computer based communication aid specifically designed for Intensive Care patients. The trial is currently ongoing, however this may become a breakthrough in quick and effective patient clinical and patient relative communication in future care. This assignment has explored communication within Intensive Care and reflected upon previous experiences. Communication involves both verbal and non verbal communication in order to communicate effectively in all situations. Researching this topic has highlighted areas in Intensive Care nursing which may be overlooked, for example ventilator alarms and general noise within a unit may feel like a normal environment for the clinians however for patients and relatives this may cause considerable amounts of concern. Simply giving explanations for such alarms will easily alleviate concerns and provide reassurance. From overall research (Alasad: 2005, Leigh: 2001, MacAuley, 2010: Craig, 2007) Intensive Care nurses believed communication with critically ill patients was an important part of their role however disappointedly some nurses perceived this as time consuming or of low importance when the conversation was one way (Ashworth, 1980). Further education within Intensive Care may be requ ired to improve communication and highlight the importance of communication at all times. Communication is key to ensuring patients receive quality high standard care from a multidisciplinary team, where all members appreciate the skills and contribution that others offer to improve patients care.

Timelessness of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay -- Shakespeare, Ro

The classic play Romeo and Juliet by the famous playwright William Shakespeare is one of the most beautiful love stories of all time and has captured and inspired readers everywhere. Regardless of the fact that it was written in the 1500’s, it is still being performed and extolled today. There is a multitude of reasons for such continuance of the play. First of all, its everlasting themes of love and hate enable people to deeply relate to the story. Secondly, its memorable characters deeply imprint on the minds of readers. And lastly, above all, is its magnificent language which many writers today regard in awe. These three elements make the acclaimed play, Romeo and Juliet, one of the most timeless stories of our lives. First of all, the themes of Romeo and Juliet such as love and hate are essentially the same in all its facets and colours whether it is in the 1500’s or the present time. The play is still accepted universally because people can closely relate to themes such as love and hate, and life and death, and these themes are the basis of the play. For example, there is the i...

Diabetes Mellitus Essay -- essays research papers

Diabetes Mellitus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diabetes is a chronic, genetically determined, debilitating disease that affects every organ system. There are two major types of diabetes: Type I and Type II. Type I or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing cells of the pancreas and is usually, but not always diagnosed in childhood. People with type I diabetes must take insulin shots in order to survive. Type II diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), are usually diagnosed in adulthood. They produce insulin, but their bodies do not use it effectively or properly. While many modern diseases plague society, diabetes has been known for many centuries (Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, 1-3).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type I diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults and was previously known as juvenile diabetes. In type I diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. Insulin is necessary for the body to be able to use sugar. Sugar is the basic fuel for the cells in the body, and insulin takes the sugar from the blood into the cells. When sugar builds up in the blood instead of going into cells, it can cause two problems: cells may be starved for energy, and over time, high blood sugar levels may hurt your eyes, kidneys, nerves, or heart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type II diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. In type II diabetes, either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. Insulin is necessary for the body to be able to use sugar. Type II diabetes accounts for 90 to 95% of diabetes. Type II diabetes is nearing epidemic proportions, due to an increased number of older Americans, and a greater prevalence of obesity and sedentary lifestyles (Hoffman, 34-49).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diabetes is the leading cause of death. It is the leading cause of kidney failure, adult blindness, and non-traumatic amputations. People who have diabetes are two to four times more likely to have a heart attack or a stroke. Life expectancy of people who have this disease, on the average is fifteen years, less than that of people who do not have the disease. It is also the leading cause of nerve damage (Hoffman, 34-49).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IDDM can cause problems that should be prepared for. The three key problems: Hyp... ...r and neurological diseases. Chronic hyperglycemia activates a metabolic reaction cascade that leads to cellular damage in small to medium blood vessels and peripheral nerves. Nerve damage is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus, and can lead to impotence, incontinence, and loss of sensation from affected areas (Saladin, 656).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The last effect makes a patient dangerously unaware of major injuries, which can fester from neglect and contribute to gangrene and the necessity of amputation. Many diabetics lose their toes, feet, or legs to the disease. The cardiovascular effects include degeneration of the small arteries of the retina and the kidneys, leading to blindness and kidney failure as common complications. People with type I diabetes are more likely to die of kidney failure than those with type II diabetes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diabetes also promotes atherocslerosis, the blockage of blood vessels with fatty deposits, causing poor circulation. In type II diabetes, the most common cause of death is heart failure stemming from atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis also contributes to renal failure and gangrene.

Letter of Motivation Essays -- essays papers

Letter of Motivation My educational background is quite diverse. I spent my last three years at the Geelong College Australia, and have successfully finished year 12 there. My choices of subjects reflected the diversity of my interests - English, Mathematics, International Studies, Legal Studies, and Economics. I excelled in International Studies and was awarded Academic Merit. Upon my return to Surabaya at the start of year 1999, I attended IBMT (Institute of Business Management and Technology), an International University which follows the United States curriculum, at which I majored in International Management. The subjects I took were: Accounting I and II, Sociology, Psychology, World Civilization, English Composition, Public Speaking, and Organizational Management. I finished the semester with a GPA of 3.6. The excellent quality of the University, as well as helpful teachers and friends, have contributed immensely to my success. In the classroom I can do much more than to warm the seat; I can add a lot to class discussions. As I have grown older and more mature, I have begun to realise the value and significance of helping others and contributing to my surrounding community. I was involved in many clubs and social activities such as the United Nations Youth Conferences, Geelong Radio Station, Peer Education Street Theatre, 40 Hours Famine Committee, Amnesty International, a badminton club and basketball club. I also value very much my work experience at Weight...

Filipinos’ Forgiving Nature Essay

Why many Filipino people are forgiving? Giving offenders a â€Å"second chance† rather than punishing them is inherently Filipino. Let’s take for example the apology offered by the Magdalo mutineers which comes as no surprise in light of the Filipinos forgiving nature. Despite the very good laws we have here in the Philippines, we don’t think settlement of it will still be possible. We rarely condemn people, we just require them to change their ways. Ms. Arroyo’s granting of amnesty towards the Magdalo mutineers is just one of the issues that shows Filipinos tend to forgvive. We are not very legalistic except on impersonal matters, such as cases involving money or disputes between big corporations that don’t have a human face. For example, everyone agrees that we should go after tax evasion. Under the Filipino concept of justice, what is prescribed by law is not necessarily just. We tend to forgive easily when we find something valid in the reasons behind the offense. That’s why we have the phrase ‘nadadaan sa magandang usapan’. The way we are raised by our families could affect the way we understand and look into the contexts of one’s behavior. For example, rather than be rigid over rights or claims, step siblings generally do not regard with spite but look after each other’s welfare even when one is illegitimate. And of course, the prodigal child is always given a second chance. No wonder why there are many unresolved cases in the Philippines. Some were given pardon by the government like the case of the former president Ejercito Estrada. Could it be the government’s way to come clean in the eyes of other countries in promoting the tourism industry? To front them that it’s easy to settle agreements here would attract many investors in the country. We‘ll, if that’s the case, many might really take advantage on the situation. And this would just prove that we don’t have rigid implementation of the very good laws here in the Philippines. This is also the reason why some government officials seems relaxed and other foreign countries doesn’t give much importance on Filipinos welfare in their land and they just take it easy when it comes to Filipinos. Maybe because they know the fact that we don‘t experience justice even in our own land, and we are used to it. Pity to those who really experience that kind of treatment. Upon hearing this, I bursted to the cab driver saying â€Å"ito hirap sating mga Pinoy e, kapag tayo nahuli sa ibang bansa ng drug trafficking — death penalty, kapag sila nahuli natin wala pang isang linggo nakalaya na. † There’s a big problem with our government or our Filipino blood — we are too soft, too forgiving. This is one of the reasons why most of us have no pride and dignity when we are in another soil. I really want to thank Manny Pacquiao for giving the Filipinos some pride. How should other country value our laws when we Filipinos don’t put much attention to these and some just don‘t take it seriously? When we are in their country we are treated like rats but when they are in our country they are treated like kings. I don’t know what‘s wrong. If a Filipino guy will enter a building in his own country the security guard will look for an ID with intense body search but if they will see that the guest is a foreigner, Filipinos will happily greet them without checking their bags not even thinking that they could be the terrorist that will kill them. I have nothing against to any foreigners but I got beef with my own blood. If this will continue, probably we will become slaves in our own country.

Being a Good Friend

Mean Girls Friends are very important because your life would be miserable without them. You need people to talk to sometimes. Sometimes when you’re lonely you just need a friend. Friends are there for you, they need you and you need them. Friends make your life enjoyable. Going behind someone’s back is very wrong and happens at Peters Township sometimes. It can ruin friendships if people find out about their friends doing such a thing.You can lose other friends and people may not like you if they found out what you did. When new kids come to school they don’t really fit in. We need to help them fit in and make new friends. New students usually don’t have any friends before they get to a new school. When a new student arrives we should make them feel welcome and have a day to know them. If you’re getting bullied all you have to do is bring a baseball bat to school.Then hit the people bullying you with it. They won’t bully you anymore. You cou ld tell a teacher instead, but I support the baseball bat idea. To maintain a healthy relationship you have to be honest, respectful, and nice. If you’re not honest they can’t trust you. You have to respect them and they will respect you. If you’re not nice they won’t want to be friends with you. You need to do a lot of things to have a healthy relationship, but there easy and simple things.

Influential Factors in Choosing a Programming Language Essay

* To help Gary make decisions about which language to choose, you are asked to provide Gary a list of key factors and their importance in choosing a programming language. Overview of Report When it’s time to develop a new program, the first thing that must be considered is the decision on what programming language to utilise. This is important because changing the program midway through completion is very difficult to achieve, and will often require a vast rewriting of code. There are a number of issues that will influence this decision, and these are: * Organisational policy, suitability of the language, the availability of trained staff, how reliable the program is, cost of development and maintenance, expandability of the language, and interoperability with other languages Organisational Policy All organisations will have policies (methods of practice) dictating that they will operate under specified conditions. A policy of developing applications using one particular language may come from historical use, and a foundation of previous development tools (such as IDEs) for that one language. (M Fishpool, 2007, p.156) To deviate to using another language may in that instance not make sense to the hierarchy of the organisation. This may ring particularly true if the organisation has established a relationship with a particular vendor, such as Microsoft. Maintaining a link with this company may be rewarded with better support and discounts. (Anderson, 2010, p.166) On the other hand, maintaining the use of a particular piece of software (such as Microsoft’s IDE Visual Studio) would limit language choice to those that suit that company’s interests. Another choice they may pursue is to utilise open source software, which brings its own benefits and disadvantages. Open-source software does not offer personalised technical support and relies on an unpaid, potentially unreliable enthusiast community to provide these solutions, but is usually free to use. Suitability Building a program in a language unsuitable for its intended task will cause big problems down the line, which is why understanding the application’s technical requirements is important. The first thing to consider when making a program is what the intended platform will be. This could be computer setups such as Windows, OS X, a Linux-based OS, a web-based application, a smart phone-based app or the option to be platform agnostic could also be desired. Languages that are built to be natively run on one platform (like C++) will be more effective in completing intensive tasks, but building a program in Java means that the application will work the same way on any OS with the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) software installed (Oracle, 2011). The complexity of the program will also affect whether a procedural or object-oriented language will be chosen, as is whether appropriate features are included in the chosen IDE. (Anderson, 2010, p.166) Availability of Trained Staff If a language is popular and used widely (such as Java, C, or C++ (TIOBE, 2011)), then there will be more professionals that are able to code in it than there are for less popular languages. Therefore, choosing a popular language will make it easier to recruit personnel for a new project. Also, looking at what languages the organisation has historically used, the kind of hardware installed, and what skill sets existing employees have will have an impact in this decision. Reliability A program becomes unreliable when how it will deal with data becomes unpredictable, and this is what can cause programs to crash. This is why some languages, like Ada, are created with an emphasis on features that make them less likely to crash. (Anderson, 2010, p.166) The best way of ensuring that code is predictable and reliable is to use a strict language, which is one with a strong type system. A strong type system specifies restrictions on how values of different data types (such as integers and strings) are allowed to be intermixed, and stops the source code from compiling if it thinks data is being incorrectly mixed. This provides a guarantee about how the program will behave when it starts running. (Wikipedia 2, 2011) Development and Maintenance Costs Part of the idea of planning the development of a program also includes the costing of the entire project. In order to do so, we take into account the length of time each development stage will take, and what resources will be needed at which point. A lot of resources are spent before the first line of code is even written to make sure that the language and IDE we choose will be the most suitable and acceptably reliable, because choosing an â€Å"unreliable solution means more money spent in maintenance costs.† (M Fishpool, 2007, p.155) Also, rather than simply creating error fixes, maintenance is also about how the program evolves post-deployment, as suggested by Lehman’s Laws. (Wikipedia 1, 2011) Therefore, how much of the overall budget will go towards the evolution of the application needs to be taken into account. Expandability Expandability is about planning the long term future of the program. Programs in active use will rarely cease to be updated following its first release. It will usually evolve beyond its original specification and require more features to be added, or be asked to process more data. If this is the case and the program is not easily expandable, a lot more time and money than necessary will need to be spent on rewriting code or porting it to a different language. For this reason, object oriented languages are popular because new features can be ‘bolted on’ as additional classes. (M Fishpool, 2007, p.156) If this is not a concern, a procedural language can be used instead. Interoperability The presence of several languages may dictate whether a language needs to be interoperable. Interoperability is achieved when programs coded in different languages are able to work with each other through a common set of standards. (Wikipedia 3, 2011) One way this is done is through the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) specification, which is implemented using Mono and Microsoft’s .NET. These allow any language that meets the CLI specification to be able to be run by their virtual machine. The most common language is C#, which was especially created to be used in .NET, but dialects of popular languages have been created to be used in a similar fashion (examples include C++/CLI and VB.NET). Summery In this report, we discussed what factors are influential in choosing a programming language for a project. We discovered that companies will have organisational policies which restrict employees to only use certain languages or certain company’s’ software. We also learned that all languages have pros and cons, so that understanding what task our program needs to do will ensure we pick the language that is most suitable. We also need to make sure that there are actually people available to employ to code for us, so we should choose a popular language to make it easier to recruit employees. Reliability is also an area of importance, but for programs where reliability must be guaranteed, we learned that there are languages such as Ada which cater to this specific requirement. Budgets are also an issue as development and maintenance costs will differ between languages, and an unreliable solution means more money spent in maintenance costs. If we need our software to be exp anded in the future, it is also best to choose a language that can support this from the start. Finally, we learned about interoperability and how programs coded in different languages are able to work with each other through a common set of standards. Bibliography Anderson, J.K.L.M.P.a.S., 2010. BTEC National Level 3 IT Student Book 1. 1st ed. Edexcel. M Fishpool, B.F., 2007. BTEC Level 3 National in IT. 2nd ed. Hodder Education. Oracle, 2011. Java Runtime Environment (JRE). [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://java.sun.com/j2se/desktopjava/jre/† http://java.sun.com/j2se/desktopjava/jre/ [Accessed 1 October 2011]. TIOBE, 2011. TIOBE Index. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.tiobe.com/content/paperinfo/tpci/index.html† http://www.tiobe.com/content/paperinfo/tpci/index.html [Accessed 01 October 2011]. Wikipedia 1, 2011. Software Maintenance. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance [Accessed 2 October 2011]. Wikipedia 2, 2011. Strong Typing: Wikipedia. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_typed_programming_language† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_typed_programming_language [Accessed 14 October 2011]. Wikipedia 3, 2011. Interoperability. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability† l â€Å"Software† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability#Software [Accessed 27 September 2011].